Socket.x is a library for building high-performance, distributed WebSocket applications. It provides a simple, consistent API for constructing both clients and servers, while giving you the flexibility to vary the underlying provider without changing your code.
Socket.x has been benchmarked in excess of 2 million messages/second on a 2010-era i7 quad-core CPU, using the Undertow provider. Applications built on Socket.x have demonstrated message switching at sub-millisecond latencies.
Socket.x APIs are designed around asynchronous, non-blocking and event-driven interactions. This allows you service a huge number of concurrent clients while utilising a relatively few number of OS threads. Applications built with Socket.x have achieved in excess of 1,000,000 connections per node. To put things into context, thread-bound Web servers usually top out between one and ten thousand connections.
Socket.x isn't a WebSocket implementation per se. It offers a simple, uniform API for working with a range of compliant WebSocket client/server implementations, called providers, including the industry heavy-weights Undertow and Jetty. This gives you the flexibility to adopt a provider that you're most familiar with, particularly if you require certain provider-specific features.
Having a standard API isn't just for provider portability. It gives you a clean programming model that isn't influenced by any particular provider and is generally much easier to work with. Everything's in one convenient place, well-documented and the same set of primitives are reused for both server and client parts of your application. By contrast, and we acknowledge the subjectivity of this statement, providers such as Jetty and Undertow, while being outstanding in many key areas, have evolved over numerous generational with help from a diverse group of contributors. They also typically accommodate multiple use cases - not just WebSockets, but the full breadth of the HTTP spectrum. As a result, the API is incohesive in parts, can be challenging to learn, difficult to recall and enduring to work with, and varies depending on whether you are building a server or a client. Even seemingly simple things, such as configuring SSL, requires a significant amount of reading up on. By contrast, Socket.x is designed ground-up specifically for WebSockets and asynchronous I/O, presenting a pure and uncompromised coding experience.
Socket.x builds are hosted on JCenter (Maven users may need to add the JCenter repository to their POM). Simply add the following snippet to your build file. Replace the version placeholder x.y.z in the snippet with the version shown on the Download badge at the top of this README.
For Maven:
<dependency>
<groupId>com.obsidiandynamics.socketx</groupId>
<artifactId>socketx-core</artifactId>
<version>x.y.z</version>
<type>pom</type>
</dependency>For Gradle:
compile 'com.obsidiandynamics.socketx:socketx-core:x.y.z'The import above only gets you the Socket.x core API. In addition, you'll need to import at least one provider. We recommend Undertow, purely due to its blistering performance and solid standards-compliance.
compile 'com.obsidiandynamics.socketx:socketx-undertow:0.1.0'The following Java snippet demonstrates a basic client/server 'echo' app - sending a message from the client to the server and receiving a response. The complete sample code is located in examples/src/main/java/sample/echo.
XServer<?> server = UndertowServer
.factory()
.create(new XServerConfig()
.withPath("/echo")
.withPort(8080),
new XEndpointLambdaListener<>()
.onConnect(endpoint -> {
System.out.format("Server: connected %s\n", endpoint);
})
.onText((endpoint, message) -> {
System.out.format("Server: received '%s'\n", message);
endpoint.send("Hello reply from server");
}));
XClient<?> client = UndertowClient
.factory()
.create(new XClientConfig());
XEndpoint clientEndpoint = client
.connect(new URI("ws://localhost:8080/echo"),
new XEndpointLambdaListener<>()
.onConnect(endpoint -> {
System.out.format("Client: connected %s\n", endpoint);
})
.onText((endpoint, message) -> {
System.out.format("Client: received '%s'\n", message);
try {
endpoint.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}));
clientEndpoint.send("Hello from client");
client.drain();
client.close();
server.close();Run the example above. The output should resemble the following:
Client: connected UndertowEndpoint [remote=localhost/127.0.0.1:8080, lastActivity=2017-09-30T22:21:10.241+10:00[Australia/Sydney]]
Server: connected UndertowEndpoint [remote=/127.0.0.1:57561, lastActivity=2017-09-30T22:21:10.241+10:00[Australia/Sydney]]
Server: received 'Hello from client'
Client: received 'Hello reply from server'
The two key players in Socket.x are XServer and XClient. XServer accepts connections, while XClient lets you create outgoing connections. They must be instantiated through an XServerFactory or an XClientFactory, as appropriate; a default pair of factories is available for each supported provider. In our example, we've chosen to use UndertowServer.factory() and UndertowClient.factory(). We could've just as easily used JettyServer/JettyClient instead, without changing any other code, providing we first import socketx-jetty in our build.gradle. You can even mix JettyServer with UndertowClient; the client and server subsystems are completely independent of one another.
The next item of significance is XServerConfig and XClientConfig - a single, uniform mechanism for configuring Socket.x, irrespective of the provider. (It can also be used to pass provider-specific configuration). In our example, we're asking the server to listen on port 8080 and publish an endpoint on the /echo path. In this example, we're sticking with the default XClientConfig for our client.
When setting up a server, or when creating a new connection, one must supply an XEndpointListener implementation. This is a simple interface comprising the following self-describing methods:
void onConnect(E endpoint);
void onText(E endpoint, String message);
void onBinary(E endpoint, ByteBuffer message);
void onPing(E endpoint, ByteBuffer data);
void onPong(E endpoint, ByteBuffer data);
void onDisconnect(E endpoint, int statusCode, String reason);
void onClose(E endpoint);
void onError(E endpoint, Throwable cause);If you favour functional programming, or need to selectively handle certain events (while ignoring others), use the XEndpointLambdaListener. Simply provide a lambda for each of the onXxx methods, using the same signature as the corresponding method in the XEndpointListener interface, as was illustrated in our earlier example. Alternatively, you can just subclass XEndpointLambdaListener directly, overriding the methods you see fit.
In our simple 'echo' example, we've provided onConnect and onText handlers, invoked when a connection is established and when a text message is received, respectively. The client opens a connection with client.connect() and sends a text message by calling send(String) on the newly opened endpoint. Upon receipt, the server echoes the message by calling send(String) on the handled endpoint. When the client receives the response, it severs the connection by calling close().
The drain() method on an XClient blocks the calling thread until the client container has no more live endpoints. (An equivalent method is also defined on XServer.) In our example this ensures that we don't prematurely clean up before the messages have gone through. (Remember, Socket.x is asynchronous - it doesn't block when sending a message.) We could've just as easily used a crude Thread.sleep(), but a drain() is much more elegant and efficient.
Calling close() on an XServer or an XClient instance will attempt to close all underlying connections, await closure, and clean up any resources - threads, sockets, byte buffers, and so forth.
Socket.x server and client providers are configured using the XServerConfig and XClientConfig objects respectively. These comprise attributes common to all providers, and can be assigned using the withXxx() chained methods. Alternatively, one can subclass the config and define these attributes in-line, using the double-brace initialization pattern, as shown in the snippet below. Beware though, as the usual caveats apply; this technique inadvertently results in an anonymous inner class, holding a reference to its enclosing object. (We're not advocating this pattern for the aforementioned reasons; we're merely stating that it's use is viable.)
new XServerConfig() {{
path = "/echo";
port = 8080;
}};A high-water mark (HWM) acts as a hard cut-off point for the number of outstanding (queued, but not yet sent) messages on a given endpoint connection. When a connection reaches its HWM (typically through repeated unthrottled calls to send()), any new messages that would otherwise land above the high-water mark will be automatically discarded. By default, the HWM is set to Long.MAX_VALUE, which effectively means no HWM. It needs to be enabled explicitly.
A HWM can apply to both server-side and client-side endpoints. To set a HWM, follow the snippet below:
// for a server
new XServerConfig().withHighWaterMark(1000);
// or, in the case of a client
new XClientConfig().withHighWaterMark(1000);HWMs are discussed in more detail in the context of flow control.
Often, in WebSocket applications, we need to know if the counter-party is still there. This isn't always obvious, particularly if the connection carries spurious traffic and may be idle for extended periods of time. The idle state poses another challenge - the TCP stack of either party, or an intermediary, may forcibly close the connection after a period of inactivity.
The WebSocket protocol supports layer 7 keep-alives using a pair of Ping and Pong frames. By convention, it is the responsibility of the server to send a Ping frame, which should be duly reciprocated with a Pong frame from the client.
Socket.x gives you manual control over sending Ping frames, should you require it. However, Socket.x also offers a scanner that monitors connection activity and automatically sends Pings during periods of inactivity. In addition, an idle timeout setting can be optionally assigned to terminate a connection that has been inactive for a set period of time. Only the server-side scanner will send Ping frames; however, both the server and the client containers can be configured to terminate connections due to inactivity. (The actual timeout detection and connection termination fall within the responsibilities of the underlying provider.)
The following snippet configures the server's maximum keep-alive interval and sets idle timeouts (all times are in milliseconds):
// on the server
new XServerConfig().withPingInterval(300_000).withIdleTimeout(600_000);
// on the client
new XServerConfig().withIdleTimeout(600_000);Note: Since WebSockets are backed by TCP, the latter has a low-level mechanism for keeping connections alive (the SO_KEEPALIVE option in *NIX and Windows), which is entirely separate to the WebSockets' own Ping/Pong frames. Although you might have control over your runtime environment, and may be tempted to use TCP keep-alives, consider that you typically have little to no control over the intermediate networking infrastructure, particularly if your application communicates over the public Internet. Certain network elements, such as proxies, which are typically optimised for short-lived HTTP connections, may prematurely terminate your long-lived WebSocket connection due to inactivity. As such, it's strongly recommended that you always use the WebSocket keep-alive mechanism independently of what the underlying TCP stack is configured for. (Unless, of course, if the TCP stack uses a more aggressive setting than your WebSocket keep-alives, in which case one or the other needs to change.)
Enabling SSL (to get the wss:// protocol, which is just HTTPS behind the scenes) requires two things - selecting a HTTPS port and assigning an SSLContext. The following snippet demonstrates a simple, albeit somewhat naive SSL setup using self-signed certificates that is suitable for a development environment. The complete code listing is available at examples/src/main/java/sample/ssl.
XServer<?> server = UndertowServer
.factory()
.create(new XServerConfig()
.withPath("/echo")
.withPort(8080)
.withHttpsPort(8443)
.withSSLContextProvider(new CompositeSSLContextProvider()
.withKeyManagerProvider(new JKSKeyManagerProvider()
.withLocation("cp://keystore-dev.jks")
.withStorePassword("storepass")
.withKeyPassword("keypass"))
.withTrustManagerProvider(new JKSTrustManagerProvider()
.withLocation("cp://keystore-dev.jks")
.withStorePassword("storepass"))),
new XEndpointLambdaListener<>()
.onConnect(System.out::println));
XClient<?> client = UndertowClient
.factory()
.create(new XClientConfig()
.withSSLContextProvider(new CompositeSSLContextProvider()
.withTrustManagerProvider(new JKSTrustManagerProvider()
.withLocation("cp://keystore-dev.jks")
.withStorePassword("storepass"))));
XEndpoint clientEndpoint = client
.connect(new URI("wss://localhost:8443/echo"),
new XEndpointLambdaListener<>()
.onConnect(System.out::println));Dissecting the above (which is minor a rehash of the 'echo' example) we see two changes: the call to withHttpsPort(int) on the XServerConfig instance, as well as withSSLContextProvider(SSLContextProvider) on both XServerConfig and XClientConfig.
The SSLContextProvider interface is a factory for supplying an instance of javax.net.ssl.SSLContext - the standard way of configuring SSL in Java and Java Secure Socket Extension (JSSE). Socket.x comes with two out-of-the-box implementations.
The equivalent of SSLContext.getDefault(). The resulting SSL context uses the default settings, and can be configured with the standard JSSE system properties, such as javax.net.ssl.keyStore, javax.net.ssl.trustStore, javax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword, etc. For more information, please consult the JSSE reference guide.
Offers a simple way of compositing factories of javax.net.ssl.KeyManager and javax.net.ssl.TrustManager instances, using KeyManagerProvider and TrustManagerProvider interfaces. The advantage of using a CompositeSSLContextProvider over a DefaultSSLContextProvider is that the former lets configure JSSE on a case-by-case basis, rather than specifying a single 'global' configuration that's applied throughout your application. So if your application uses SSL in several places, each requiring its own separate JSSE configuration, you'll need to either use a CompositeSSLContextProvider, or roll your own SSLContextProvider implementation.
Our earlier example uses a CompositeSSLContextProvider to load a JKS KeyStore from a self-signed key store that ships with Socket.x, named keystore-dev.jks. The built-in key store houses both a private key and a corresponding X.509 certificate, but only the certificate is specified on the client, since we're using server authentication. The JKSKeyManagerProvider and JKSTrustManagerProvider do as the name suggests, loading a key/trust store from a given location. The location is specified as a URI in the form cp://... for loading resources from the classpath, or file://... for reading from the local file system. As a convenience, CompositeSSLContextProvider has an additional static method - getDevServerDefault(), which loads the default key/trust store, as per the above example, but without the added verbosity. So the block
.withSSLContextProvider(new CompositeSSLContextProvider()
.withKeyManagerProvider(new JKSKeyManagerProvider()
.withLocation("cp://keystore-dev.jks")
.withStorePassword("storepass")
.withKeyPassword("keypass"))
.withTrustManagerProvider(new JKSTrustManagerProvider()
.withLocation("cp://keystore-dev.jks")
.withStorePassword("storepass")))becomes simply
.withSSLContextProvider(new CompositeSSLContextProvider().getDevServerDefault())You can also use getDevServerDefault() on the client side, which ends up trusting the embedded self-signed certificate, and only that certificate. Again, this is equivalent to our earlier example.
Sometimes, especially while developing, we may want to trust all server certificates, irrespective of which party signed them or whether or not they're in our trust store. In other words, we want to use WSS purely for consistency, without concerning ourselves with certificate signing and distribution at this stage. This is accommodated by the LenientX509TrustManagerProvider class, which you can use in place of a JKSTrustManagerProvider.
Note: At present, Socket.x only supports server authentication, as this is the dominant use case. Client authentication may be added in later versions.
Note: SSL configuration applies to both WebSocket and conventional HTTP traffic. In other words, the same SSLContext can be used to encrypt not only WSS, but also HTTPS endpoints. This is useful when publishing Servlets.
Among the chief challenges of developing a provider-neutral WebSocket API is dealing with the edge cases, where one provider may offer something over another that isn't necessarily prescribed in the WebSocket RFC, or isn't a mandatory aspect of the protocol. An example could be the use of frame compression, multiplexing/channels or some other extension of the protocol. Alternatively, it may be some non-functional aspect of the implementation, such as the number of threads used for I/O, whether direct buffers should be used, or the underlying TCP socket (SO_xxx) options. There simply isn't a way of using a common set of configuration objects and a fixed set of attributes to define provider-specific configuration, without heading down the dark alley of denormalisation.
Socket.x solves this with a generic Attribute - a structure encompassing a key, a pair of optional min/max constraints, and an optional default value. An attribute is used as a key in a Map, the value being an Object. Attributes allow you to specify additional configuration options that are understood by specific providers. For example, the following snippet alters the number of threads and the buffer size used by Undertow.
new XServerConfig()
.withAttributes(new AttributeMap()
.with(UndertowAtts.IO_THREADS, 8)
.with(UndertowAtts.BUFFER_SIZE, 65536))Attributes are type-safe when used with the AttributeMap wrapper; the latter will ensure that the assigned value matches the attribute's component type, and will perform boundary validation on the given value.
UndertowAtts houses the known attributes for Undertow. There are equivalents for other providers - JettyAtts and NettyAtts.
Note: Provider-specific attributes are still in their infancy. To date, we've only added the absolute bare minimum, and there are lots yet to be done. Feel free to submit a PR.
Socket.x has baked-in support for YConf, letting you bootstrap your application from a YAML or JSON configuration file. The snippet below shows a fairly complete sample XServerConfig represented in YAML.
port: 8080
httpsPort: 8443
path: /echo
idleTimeoutMillis: 300000
pingIntervalMillis: 60000
scanIntervalMillis: 1000
highWaterMark: 1000
sslContextProvider:
type: com.obsidiandynamics.socketx.ssl.CompositeSSLContextProvider
keyManagerProvider:
type: com.obsidiandynamics.socketx.ssl.JKSKeyManagerProvider
location: cp://keystore-dev.jks
storePassword: storepass
keyPassword: keypass
trustManagerProvider:
type: com.obsidiandynamics.socketx.ssl.JKSTrustManagerProvider
location: cp://keystore-dev.jks
storePassword: storepass
servlets:
- path: /health/*
name: health
servletClass: sample.servlet.HealthCheckServlet
attributes:
socketx.undertow.ioThreads: 8
socketx.undertow.bufferSize: 65536To load the configuration, add the following few lines:
XServerConfig serverConfig = new MappingContext()
.withParser(new SnakeyamlParser())
.fromStream(ResourceLocator.asStream(new URI("cp://sample-server-config.yaml")))
.map(XServerConfig.class);The complete code listing for the above example is located at examples/src/main/java/config. To use YConf with the Snakeyaml parser, add com.obsidiandynamics.yconf:yconf-snakeyaml:0.2.1 to your Gradle dependencies.
Socket.x classes log using SLF4J, under the package com.obsidiandynamics.socketx. For normal operation, it's recommended to leave the INFO level on.
WebSockets support sending of binary frames using the same semantics as text frames, but sending the data bytes directly, without the UTF-8 encoding. (In fact, apart from the encoding and the opcode, there is little difference between the two.) To send and receive binary frames use XEndpoint.send(ByteBuffer) and XEndpointListener.onBinary(XEndpoint, ByteBuffer) respectively.
Note: There's one gotcha with binary messages, which doesn't apply to text. Socket.x accepts and provides a ByteBuffer for sending and receiving, which is a mutable data structure. It is the application's responsibility to ensure that the ByteBuffer instances aren't reused/recycled after calling send(). Failing to do so would violate thread safety and lead to race conditions, as the ByteBuffer is manipulated asynchronously, in a different thread to the caller.
The send(String|ByteBuffer) operation on XEndpoint is asynchronous - it returns immediately after queuing the message, to be sent by a background thread later. To learn of the eventual status of the queued message, you can call the overloaded variant of send(), specifying an XSendCallback implementation. XSendCallback handles three life-cycle events:
void onComplete(XEndpoint endpoint);
void onError(XEndpoint endpoint, Throwable cause);
void onSkip(XEndpoint endpoint);Invoked when the message has been successfully sent, from the perspective of the sender. This doesn't imply that the message was received by the counter-party, or successfully processed, for that matter. (These types of guarantees are outside of WebSocket scope, and require explicit application-level support.)
Invoked if the send operation threw an exception with the underlying provider. The Throwable cause is made available.
Invoked if the send message was dropped due to a breach of the high-water mark. This means that the message will not be sent at this time. You still have the ability to retry the send operation at a later point, should you want to.
When building high-throughput WebSocket applications, one must consider scenarios where message producers and message consumers are operating at varying rates. This could be due to the difference in hardware, underlying resources, the time to process messages or network congestion. At network level, WebSockets naturally benefit from the underlying TCP/IP sliding window flow control, ensuring the buffers in the protocol stack don't overflow and that packets aren't dropped. What happens at the application level is beyond the scope of WebSockets.
Asynchronous I/O is unequivocally better than its blocking counterpart when building web-scale applications. It does, however, miss out on one important quality that is intrinsic to blocking I/O - flow control. When a blocking I/O library can't send any more date, it exerts backpressure on the producer. By contrast, a non-blocking library has no affect on the producer, leading to a potential build-up of messages in the send queue. This can cause all sorts of problems, the most troublesome of which being heap exhaustion on the sending machine.
To prevent message build-up without blocking or imposing any type of flow control, Socket.x comes with high-water mark support - dropping messages when the outgoing queue reaches a certain size. This is disabled by default (as there is no sensible default HWM), and needs to be enabled explicitly. A HWM isn't the most elegant way of dealing with congestion, but it is very effective in high fan-out, broadcast-style messaging scenarios involving a large number of consumers, whereby a single producer serves the same messages to each consumer and the loss of a message isn't catastrophic. (In other words, messages are informative, rather than prescriptive, and the correctness of the consumer isn't dependent on receiving all messages.)
In some messaging scenarios, a HWM will not suffice. The producer may actually need to stop sending if the consumer is unable to keep up. This is particularly crucial when the WebSocket endpoint is the source of truth, and the consumer has no way of recovering from the message loss. In Socket.x this can be accomplished by querying the getBacklog() method of an XEndpoint prior to sending. The getBacklog() method returns the number of messages sitting in the outgoing queue, letting the application decide whether it is appropriate to send another message at that point in time.
An alternative way of achieving the same outcome is to use the XSendCallback hook, counting the number of confirmed messages versus the total number of sent messages. In fact, this is roughly how the backlog counter and HWM mechanisms work behind the scenes.
Socket.x is focused on WebSocket applications. And while the underlying providers may (and typically do) support a broader spectrum of HTTP, Socket.x does not attempt to solve this problem for the complete set of HTTP use cases. Crucially, this would run contrary to the Socket.x design philosophy - to offer an uncompromised, WebSocket-centric programming model, no other strings attached. That said, we do acknowledge that being able to host a basic Servlet alongside your WebSocket application can be somewhat convenient, particularly when dealing with load balancers and service discovery proxies - you might want to expose a simple status or health check endpoint on the same port as your main WebSocket server. Taking this further, it would be doubly convenient to leverage this capability generically, without dealing directly with the underlying provider.
Socket.x adds best-effort Servlet 3.1 support. In other words, the Servlet 3.1 specification is supported if and only if the underlying provider chooses to implement this, being under no obligation to do so in order to qualify as a fully-fledged Socket.x provider. Fortunately, both Undertow and Jetty providers support this feature natively. Netty, on the other hand, is not a Servlet container, and will throw an UnsupportedOperationException if you attempt to add a Servlet mapping.
A Servlet mapping is defined in XServerConfig using the withServlets() method, as illustrated in the snippet below. The complete code listing for this example can be found in examples/src/main/java/servlet.
// the Servlet definition
public final class HealthCheckServlet extends HttpServlet {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
@Override
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {
System.out.format("Initialised with %s\n", config);
}
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
response.getWriter().write("Cruizin'");
}
}
// the main method (in a separate class)
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
XServer<?> server = UndertowServer
.factory()
.create(new XServerConfig()
.withPath("/echo")
.withPort(8080)
.withHttpsPort(8443)
.withSSLContextProvider(CompositeSSLContextProvider.getDevServerDefault())
.withServlets(new XMappedServlet("/health/*", HealthCheckServlet.class)),
new XEndpointLambdaListener<>());
if (Desktop.isDesktopSupported()) {
Desktop.getDesktop().browse(new URI("http://localhost:8080/health"));
}
Thread.sleep(60_000);
server.close();
}The withServlets() method takes in an a varargs array of XMappedServlet objects. Each mapping specifies, at minimum, the path specification and the class of the Servlet - in our case a HealthCheckServlet. It may also optionally specify the Servlet's name. The life-cycle management of the Servlet is the responsibility of the Servlet container; it will be instantiated and initialised as required.
Run the example above. If running from a desktop environment, it should automatically navigate to http://localhost:8080/health with the default browser. You have 60 seconds before the application terminates.
Note: SSL configuration applies to both WebSocket Secure (WSS) and conventional HTTPS traffic. So https://localhost:8443/health will also work, albeit the browser will likely complain due to the untrusted nature of a self-signed certificate.
The XEndpoint.close() method is normally used for initiating an orderly disconnection sequence using Close frames, as per the WebSocket RFC. In some cases, a party may not have the luxury of waiting for the connection to close gracefully. For example, the connection may have been deemed as inactive, corrupt, or otherwise compromised. In this case it's better to close the connection forcibly, using the terminate() method.
The XEndpointListener has a pair of life-cycle methods - onDisconnect(E endpoint, int statusCode, String reason) and onClose(E endpoint) (where E is the concrete XEndpoint type). The onClose() method is always invoked when a connection is closed - cleanly or otherwise. The onDisconnect() method is invoked if and only if the connection was closed gracefully, and in this case onDisconnect() is invoked before onClose().
If you need to handle the end-state of the connection, with no regard for the close status code or reason, implementing onClose() is sufficient, as this will cater to both scenarios.
Socket.x comes with a few utility classes that can come in handy when working with not only WebSockets, but other network sockets, protocols and I/O in general. It is expected that, over time, some of these utilities will be extracted out of Socket.x and turned into miniature libraries in their own right.
These two utilities are often used together. Await's methods block the calling thread until a certain condition, described by the given BooleanSupplier evaluates to true. There are variations of the blocking methods - some return a boolean, indicating whether the condition has been satisfied within the allotted time frame, while others throw a TimeoutException. You can specify an upper bound on the wait time, as well as the checking interval (which otherwise defaults to 1 ms). All times accepted by any of the methods are in milliseconds.
Timesert (a portmanteau of time and assert) is a wrapper around Await that's tremendously useful for asserting time-sensitive behaviour and complements frameworks such as JUnit and TestNG. You might notice that it's strikingly similar to Awaitility; however, Timesert is significantly more efficient and doesn't suffer from a subtle problem that has been shown to adversely affect Awaitility - the scenario where a system clock isn't monotonically non-decreasing. (While rare, this condition can happen when using NTP, and is particularly problematic on macOS.) Timesert is robust to negative clock drift. Having migrated all test cases (hundreds of them) from Awaitility to Timesert, we've also noticed significantly higher CPU utilisation of unit tests (about 50% higher than baseline) and a corresponding reduction time in builds by roughly 30%.
Await and Timesert are useful when writing and testing network applications, as events don't happen instantly and are most certainly non-deterministic. For example, when sending a message, one might like to assert that it has been received. But running an assertion on the receiver immediately following a send in an asynchronous system will likely fail. Using Timesert allows for assertions to silently and repeatedly fail up to a certain point, after which the AssertionError is percolated to the caller and the test case fails. This way Timesert allows you to write efficient, reproducible assertions without resorting to Thread.sleep().
Note: While working through the examples above, you would've already used Await, probably without realising it. The drain() method featured in the 'echo' example actually calls Await.perpetual() behind the scenes.
Provides conversion and printing utilities for binary data (byte arrays). The dump() method is possibly the most useful, converting a byte array into a multi-line hex dump, reminiscent of the output of popular hex editors. The following is an example of its output:
20 00 15 73 6F 6D 65 2F 74 6F 70 69 63 2F 74 6F
2F 70 75 62 6C 69 73 68 00 01 02
Loads a specified resource URI as an InputStream. The URI can be of the form file://... - for reading files from the local file system, or cp://... - for reading files from the classpath (e.g. if the file has been packaged into an application JAR).
Utilities for working with TCP sockets. Notable methods include -
getAvailablePort(int preferredPort, int maxPort)- searches for free (unbound) ports on the local machine, starting with thepreferredPort, and up to themaxPort(inclusive). This method returns the first available port in the given range if one was found in a single complete pass. Alternatively, an uncheckedNoAvailablePortsExceptionis thrown if no unbound ports were found. Typically, this method is used when you need a spare port to bind to, and where your application may have a preference for a specific port, but can still function correctly if a different port is assigned. This is often the case for testing scenarios.isLocalPortAvailable(int port)- tests whether the given port is bound on the local machine. Behind the scenes, the method attempts to bind to the port for listening and, if successful, sets theSO_REUSEADDRsocket option before yielding the port, so that it may be used immediately.getPortUseCount(int port)- used to query the number of uses of a given port, including the number of open socket connections, sockets in aCLOSE_WAITstate, as well as inLISTEN. Effectively, this method counts the number of times a port appears in the output of anetstatcommand. Presently, this method relies on system utilitiesnetstat,grepandwc, and can therefore only be used on a *NIX operating system, such as Linux, BSD, macOS, etc.drainPort(int port, int maxUseCount, int drainIntervalMillis)- blocks the calling thread until the number of uses of the given port reaches or drops belowmaxUseCount, effectively draining the port of open connections. ThedrainIntervalMillisparameter introduces waits between successive checks.
A fluent builder for incrementally assembling URI objects. The following snippet demonstrates its use:
URI uri = URIBuilder.create()
.withWebSocket(true)
.withHttps(true)
.withHost("pound")
.withPath("/dog")
.withPortProvider(getPorts())
.build();
// produces 'wss://pound:8443/dog'The following is a list of applications using Socket.x that we're aware of:
- Flywheel - a high-performance, distributed IoT message broker.