-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
10.1021_acs.jpcc.8b01434.html
2610 lines (1798 loc) · 566 KB
/
10.1021_acs.jpcc.8b01434.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" class="pb-page" data-request-id="8a1f87a1-4ccf-4321-a831-ffb50839171f"
><head data-pb-dropzone="head"><meta name="pbContext" content=";page:string:Article/Chapter View;ctype:string:Journal Content;journal:journal:jpccck;wgroup:string:ACHS website Group;requestedJournal:journal:jpccck;issue:issue:10.1021/jpccck.2018.122.issue-15;website:website:acspubs;pageGroup:string:Publication Pages;subPage:string:Full Text;article:article:10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01434"/>
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="The Journal of Physical Chemistry C" /><meta name="dc.Title" content="Elucidating Factors Controlling Long-Term Stability of Radical Anions for Negative Charge Storage in Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries" /><meta name="dc.Creator" content="Jingjing Zhang" /><meta name="dc.Creator" content="Jinhua Huang" /><meta name="dc.Creator" content="Lily A. Robertson" /><meta name="dc.Creator" content="Rajeev S. Assary" /><meta name="dc.Creator" content="Ilya A. Shkrob" /><meta name="dc.Creator" content="Lu Zhang" /><meta name="dc.Description" content="Radical anions of electrochemically reduced compounds (anolytes) have been suggested for storage of negative charge in nonaqueous redox flow batteries. The lower the redox potential of the anolyte ..." /><meta name="Description" content="Radical anions of electrochemically reduced compounds (anolytes) have been suggested for storage of negative charge in nonaqueous redox flow batteries. The lower the redox potential of the anolyte ..." /><meta name="dc.Publisher" content="American Chemical Society" /><meta name="dc.Date" scheme="WTN8601" content="April 4, 2018" /><meta name="dc.Type" content="research-article" /><meta name="dc.Format" content="text/HTML" /><meta name="dc.Identifier" scheme="doi" content="10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01434" /><meta name="dc.Language" content="en" /><meta name="dc.Coverage" content="world" /><meta name="dc.Rights" content="Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society" />
<link rel="meta" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://doi-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.8b01434" />
<link rel="meta" type="application/rdf+json" href="https://doi-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.8b01434" />
<link rel="meta" type="application/unixref+xml" href="https://doi-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.8b01434" />
<title>Elucidating Factors Controlling Long-Term Stability of Radical Anions for Negative Charge Storage in Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries | The Journal of Physical Chemistry C</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="robots" content="noarchive"/>
<meta name="pb-robots-disabled">
<meta property="og:url" content="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/doi/full/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01434" /><meta property="og:title" content="Elucidating Factors Controlling Long-Term Stability of Radical Anions for Negative Charge Storage in Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jpccck/2018/jpccck.2018.122.issue-15/acs.jpcc.8b01434/20180413/images/acs.jpcc.8b01434.social.jpeg_v03" /><meta property="og:description" content="Radical anions of electrochemically reduced compounds (anolytes) have been suggested for storage of negative charge in nonaqueous redox flow batteries. The lower the redox potential of the anolyte molecule, the higher is the stored energy density. However, the stability of the radical ions frequently suffers as their redox potentials become extreme, and there is a compromise between the energy density and the chemical stability in the active form. In this study, we scrutinize this trade-off using one such “extreme,” the heterocyclic anolyte 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, BzNSN, by adjusting the redox potential of BzNSN via installed electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups. We show that the stability of the radical anion strongly depends on the degree of ion pairing in solution, with the worst being for the contact lithium ion pairs. For BzNSN derivatives, there is a strong correlation between the lifetime of the radical anion and the redox potential. The root cause appears to be the proton transfer from the solvent (acetonitrile) to the radical anion, which is concerted with the dimerization of the solvent molecules. These interactions cause the radical anion to become unstable even though the redox couple falls well within the electrochemical stability window of the solvent. Steering this redox potential toward the middle of this window using electron-withdrawing groups did not pay off as it opened additional decomposition pathways. Our study, therefore, suggests that there can be natural limitations to the energy density that is realistically achieved using neutral, closed-shell anolyte molecules for charge storage in the redox flow cells." /><meta property="og:type" content="Article" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="ACS Publications" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ACSPublications" /><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jpccck/2018/jpccck.2018.122.issue-15/acs.jpcc.8b01434/20180413/images/acs.jpcc.8b01434.social.jpeg_v03" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=10, user-scalable=0"/>
<meta name="dc.identifier" content="10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01434"/>
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/wro/ku10~product.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/products/achs/releasedAssets/fonts/achs-fonts/font-roboto/font-roboto.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/products/achs/releasedAssets/css/build-f3dec778c0a80a78f360.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/products/achs/releasedAssets/fonts/achs-fonts/font-lato/font-lato.css"/>
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/pb-assets/styles/achs-1640088552890.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/pb-assets/styles/acs-1636591161317.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="/templates/jsp/js/jquery-3.1.1.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/pb-assets/javascript/eloqua-1619549134767.js"></script>
<script async="" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js" rel="preconnect"></script>
<script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js" data-cf-beacon='{"rayId":"5200035e6e4d5180","startTime":1570117212010}'></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
(function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) {
i['GoogleAnalyticsObject'] = r;
i[r] = i[r] || function () {
(i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments)
}, i[r].l = 1 * new Date();
a = s.createElement(o), m = s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];
a.async = 1;
a.src = g;
m.parentNode.insertBefore(a, m)
})(window, document, 'script', '//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js', 'ga');
ga('create', 'UA-7663985-4'
, 'auto'
);
ga('send', 'pageview');
</script>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01434">
<!-- loading Javascript for using the persistence Service -->
<script src="//unpkg.com/@theidentityselector/thiss-ds"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var SeamlessAccessService = {
spUrl: "/action/ssostart",
returnURL: window.location.href,
my_context: 'seamlessaccess.org',
alt_context: window.location.origin,
timeout: 5000,
getWAYFLessUrl: function (entityId) {
return this.spUrl + "?idp=" + encodeURIComponent(entityId)
+ "&redirectUri=" + encodeURIComponent(this.returnURL);
},
retrieveEntity: function (ms) {
var self = this;
var persistService = new thiss.PersistenceService('https://service.seamlessaccess.org/ps/');
if(ms == undefined || ms === ''){
ms = this.timeout;
}
return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
persistService.entities(self.my_context)
.then(function (res) {
// get the results
var results = res.data;
if (results.length == 0) {
persistService.entities(self.alt_context).then((res) => {
return resolve(res.data);
}, function (err) {
// failed
reject('failed to retrieve entity from local storage (publisher domain): ' + err);
});
} else {
return resolve(results);
}
}, function (err) {
// failed
reject('failed to retrieve entity from local storage: ' + err);
});
// Set up the timeout
setTimeout(function() {
reject('Promise timed out ' + ms + ' ms');
}, ms);
});
},
updateEntity: function (entitydata) {
var self = this;
var persistService = new thiss.PersistenceService('https://service.seamlessaccess.org/ps/');
var jsonObj = {};
try {
//try to parse it, if it is a json string
jsonObj = JSON.parse(entitydata.val());
} catch (e) {
jsonObj = entitydata;
}
return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
persistService.update(self.my_context, jsonObj)
.then(function (res) {
// Process the results
var ssoInstitutions = res.data;
return resolve(ssoInstitutions);
}, function (err) {
// failed
console.log('failed to update the local storage duo to: ' + err);
reject(err);
});
persistService.update(self.alt_context, jsonObj)
.then(function (res) {
// Process the results
var ssoInstitutions = res.data;
return resolve(ssoInstitutions);
}, function (err) {
// failed
console.log('failed to update the local storage (publisher domain) duo to: ' + err);
reject(err);
});
})
},
removeEntity: function (entityId) {
var self = this;
var persistService = new thiss.PersistenceService('https://service.seamlessaccess.org/ps/');
return new Promise(function (resolve) {
persistService.remove(self.my_context, entityId)
.then(function (res) {
var results = res.data;
if (!results) {
persistService.remove(self.alt_context, entityId).then((res) => {
return resolve(res);
}, function (err) {
// failed
console.log('failed to remove from local storage (publisher domain) duo to: ' + err);
});
}
return resolve(res);
}, function (err) {
// failed
console.log('failed to remove from local storage duo to: ' + err);
});
})
},
getAccessibleEntityStatus: function (doi, entityId, entityTitle) {
return new Promise(function (resolve) {
$.ajax({
type: 'POST',
url: '/action/seamlessAccess',
accept: {
text: "application/json"
},
data: {
doi: doi,
entityid: entityId,
entityTitle: entityTitle,
eventGroupKey: '178540c3-ae77-4feb-af12-b4904f0790b9'
}
}).done(function (status) {
return resolve(status);
});
});
},
getEntitiesWithAllInfo: function (doi) {
let self = this,
arrayOfPromises = [];
return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
self.retrieveEntity().then(function (res) {
let allSsoInstitutions = res;
for (i = 0; i < allSsoInstitutions.length; i++) {
let ssoInstitution = allSsoInstitutions[i];
arrayOfPromises.push(new Promise(function (resolve) {
self.getAccessibleEntityStatus(doi, ssoInstitution.entity.entityID, ssoInstitution.entity.title)
.then(function (entityStatus) {
resolve({
entityID: ssoInstitution.entity.entityID,
entityTitle: ssoInstitution.entity.title,
entityStatusObj: entityStatus,
entitySsoUrl: self.getWAYFLessUrl(ssoInstitution.entity.entityID)
});
}, function (err) {
console.log('failed to get the entity status: ' + err);
});
}));
}
Promise.all(arrayOfPromises)
.then(function (finalResponse) {
resolve(finalResponse);
});
}).catch(function (err) {
reject(err);
})
});
}
};
window.addEventListener('load', function () {
document.querySelectorAll(".sso-institution").forEach(function (institution) {
var entityId = institution.getAttribute('data-entityid');
var entityName = institution.getAttribute('data-name');
var entitydata = {
entityID: entityId,
title: entityName
};
institution.addEventListener("click", function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
var self = this;
SeamlessAccessService.updateEntity(entitydata).then(function (res) {
console.log(res);
window.location.href = self.href;
}).catch(function (err) {
window.location.href = self.href;
});
});
});
});
</script>
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="uBHpu2M2kL7VihPCSRXWyBSxooDf7L_BGgfHA3cjSfY" />
<link rel="prefetch" href="https://tpc.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-29/html/container.html">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/pb-assets/ux3/favicon-1635812676023.ico"></head>
<body class="pb-ui">
<script type="text/javascript">
if(false) {
document.getElementById("skipNavigationLink").onclick =function skipElement () {
var element = document.getElementById('');
if(element == null || element == undefined) {
element = document.getElementsByClassName('').item(0);
}
element.setAttribute('tabindex','0');
element.focus();
}
}
</script>
<div id="pb-page-content" data-ng-non-bindable>
<div data-pb-dropzone="main" data-pb-dropzone-name="Main">
<div data-widget-def="UX3HTMLWidget" data-widget-id="ed6ae788-7707-48f4-b02c-3187c75e10db" class="hide">
</div>
<div class="pb-ad">
<script type="text/javascript">
var dartInstitutionType = 'none';
var dartMember = 'false';
</script>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function() {
setTimeout(function() {
// var journalTitle = 'physical_chemistry_c';
var taxonomyKeywords = $('.article_header-taxonomy');
var articleKeyword = $('meta[name="keywords"]');
var articleTitle = $('meta[name="dc.Title"]');
var articleDescription = $('meta[name="dc.Description"]');
var abstractKeyword = $('p.articleBody_abstractText:contains("Keywords: ")');
var searchTerms = [];
if (taxonomyKeywords.length > 0) {
$(taxonomyKeywords).children(".rlist--inline").children("li").each(function() {
searchTerms.push($(this).text());
});
}
else if (articleKeyword.length > 0) {
searchTerms = searchTerms.concat(articleKeyword.prop('content').split(', '));
}
else if (abstractKeyword.length > 0) {
searchTerms = searchTerms.concat(abstractKeyword.text().split("Keywords: ")[1].split('; '));
}
else if (articleDescription.length > 0) {
$(articleDescription).each(function() {
articleDescriptionKeywords = $(this).prop('content');
articleDescriptionKeywords = articleDescriptionKeywords.replace(/.,/g,"");
articleDescriptionKeywords = articleDescriptionKeywords.replace(/\s{2,}/g," ");
searchTerms = searchTerms.concat(articleDescriptionKeywords.split(' '));
});
}
if (articleTitle.length > 0) {
searchTerms = searchTerms.concat(articleTitle.prop('content').split(' '));
}
googletag.cmd.push(function() {
var mappingLeader = googletag.sizeMapping().
addSize([320, 400], [320, 50]).
addSize([320, 700], [320, 50]).
addSize([750, 200], [728, 90]).
addSize([980, 690], [728, 90]).
addSize([1024, 768], [728, 90]).
build();
//leaderboard
googletag.defineSlot('/8868/journal/physical_chemistry_c/article', [728, 90], 'dfp-journal-article-leaderboard').defineSizeMapping(mappingLeader).setTargeting('location', 'leaderboard1').setTargeting('Keyword', searchTerms).addService(googletag.pubads());
//recommend
googletag.defineSlot("/8868/journal/physical_chemistry_c/article", [1, 1], "dfp-journal-article-recommend").setTargeting("ntvPlacement", ["1100167"]).setTargeting("location", "recommend").setTargeting('Keyword', searchTerms).addService(googletag.pubads());
//googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest();
googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs();
googletag.pubads().setTargeting('inst',dartInstitutionType).setTargeting('memb',dartMember);
googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRenderEnded", function(event) {
if((event.isEmpty === false) && (event.slot.getSlotElementId() != "dfp-journal-article-recommend")) {
$("#" + event.slot.getSlotElementId()).parents(".advertisement").slideDown();
console.log("ad display: " + event.creativeId + " " + event.size[0] + "x" + event.size[1]);
}
else {
console.log("no ad found");
}
});
googletag.enableServices();
});
}, 1000);
});
</script>
<style>
.articleHeaderDropzone5 .advertisement { display: none; }
.article_header .advertisement {
margin: -25px auto 25px auto;
}
</style>
<script src="https://common.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/ccdc-widget/1.0.0.76/Widget.min.js"></script>
<header class="header header_article_inactive">
<div class="header_topbar hidden-sm hidden-xs">
<div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-lg-3 col-md-4 col-sm-5 header_topbar_left">
<div data-widget-def="UX3HTMLWidget" data-widget-id="0be92cec-36a8-4b4d-9a08-a28c790ce306" class="header_mainmenu">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="http://www.acs.org.ezproxy.uky.edu">ACS</a>
</li>
<li class="header_mainmenu_current">
<a href="/">ACS Publications</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://cen-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu">C&EN</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www-cas-org.ezproxy.uky.edu">CAS</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div class="col-lg-9 col-md-8 col-sm-7 header_topbar_right">
<div class="institution"><span class="institution-info-wrapper"><span class="institution__intro">Access provided by</span><span class="institution__name">UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY</span></span></div>
<div class="user-login-bar"><input type="hidden" name="statusEndpoint" value="https://sso-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/idp/status" class="statusEndpoint"/><input type="hidden" name="clientID" value="atypon-lives" class="clientID"/><input type="hidden" name="heartBeatReloadInterval" value="1740000" class="heartBeatReloadInterval"/><input type="hidden" name="logoutUrl" value="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/action/doLogout?logoutRedirectUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fsso.acs.org%2Fidp%2Fglogout%3Fappid%3Datypon-live%26returnURL%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fpubs.acs.org%252F" class="logoutUrl"/><img src="https://sso-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/idp/heartbeat?appid=atypon-lives&max_auth_age=2592000" alt="Blank image" class="ssoHeartBeatImg"/><span class="user-login-bar__value"><a href="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/action/ssoRequestForLoginPage" class="user-login-bar__Login">Log In</a></span><input type="hidden" name="isUserLoggedIn" value="false" class="user-login-bar_is-loggedin"/><input type="hidden" name="isPaired" value="false" class="pair-device-is-paired"/><input type="hidden" name="isStronglyAuthenticated" value="false" class="isStronglyAuthenticated"/></div>
</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="header_content">
<div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="header_content_main">
<div class="header_content_row">
<div class="header_content_left pull-left">
<a href="/" title="ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read"><img id="" alt="ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read" src="/pb-assets/ux3/pubs-logo-481x82-1523435513963.png"/></a>
<div class="pj-badge"></div><a href="/journal1/jpccck" title="The Journal of Physical Chemistry C" class="header_article-logo"><img src="/na101/home/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/covergifs/jpccck/title.png" alt="The Journal of Physical Chemistry C"></a><div class="header_article-separator"></div>
</div><div class="header_content_center">
<div class="header_contnav">
<div class="header_contnav-row">
<a href="#" title="Previous" class="header_contnav-pre">
<i class="icon-angle-left"></i>
</a>
<div class="header_contnav-title">
<span>
<a href="#" title=""></a>
</span>
</div>
<a href="#" title="Next" class="header_contnav-next">
<i class="icon-angle-right"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="header_content_right pull-right">
<div class="header_qv-link"><a href="#" title="Quick View" data-slide-target=".article_qv-xs-container" class="w-slide__btn slide-active icon-quickview">Quick View</a></div>
<div class="header_article-share">
<!-- Go to www.addthis.com/dashboard to customize your tools --><script type="text/javascript" async="async" src="//s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=xa-4faab26f2cff13a7"></script><div class="share"><div class="share_button"><span class="share__label">Share</span><a href="#" data-db-target-for="527d28d6-3414-4cb2-9560-99e677e62c0d" data-db-switch="icon-close_thin" aria-label="share button" class="share__ctrl"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icon-Icon_Share"></i></a></div><div class="pb-dropzone" data-pb-dropzone="ShareDropzone1" title="ShareDropzone1"></div><div class="pb-dropzone" data-pb-dropzone="ShareDropzone2" title="ShareDropzone2"></div><div data-db-target-of="527d28d6-3414-4cb2-9560-99e677e62c0d" id="527d28d6-3414-4cb2-9560-99e677e62c0d_Pop" class="share__block dropBlock__holder fixed"><div class="pb-dropzone" data-pb-dropzone="shareBlock" title="shareBlock"></div><span class="sr-only">Share on</span><ul class="rlist w-slide--list addthis addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_32x32_style"><li><a role="link" class="addthis_button_facebook"><i aria-hidden="true" class="at-icon-wrapper icon-facebook"></i>Facebook</a></li><li><a role="link" class="addthis_button_twitter"><i aria-hidden="true" class="at-icon-wrapper icon-twitter"></i>Twitter</a></li><li><a role="link" class="addthis_button_wechat"><i aria-hidden="true" class="at-icon-wrapper icon-wechat"></i>WeChat</a></li><li><a role="link" class="addthis_button_linkedin"><i aria-hidden="true" class="at-icon-wrapper icon-linkedin"></i>Linked In</a></li><li><a role="link" class="addthis_button_reddit"><i aria-hidden="true" class="at-icon-wrapper icon-reddit"></i>Reddit</a></li><li><a role="link" class="addthis_button_email"><i aria-hidden="true" class="at-icon-wrapper icon-envelope-o"></i>Email</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="header_article-separator"></div>
<div class="quick-search"><a href="#" aria-label="quick search" class="quick-search_icon icon-search"></a><div class="quick-search_content"><form action="/action/checkIsValidDoi" name="defaultQuickSearch" method="get" title="Quick Search" autocomplete="off" class="quick-search_default"><input type="search" name="AllField" placeholder="Search text, DOI, authors, etc." aria-label="Search text, DOI, authors, etc." data-auto-complete-max-words="7" data-auto-complete-max-chars="32" data-contributors-conf="3" data-topics-conf="3" data-publication-titles-conf="3" data-history-items-conf="3" value="" required="true" class="quick-search_all-field autocomplete"/><button type="submit" title="Search" class="icon-search"></button><div role="radiogroup" aria-labelledby="journal filter" class="quick-search_journal-filter"><label for="thisJournalRadio" tabindex="0" aria-checked="true" role="radio" class="radio--primary"><input id="thisJournalRadio" type="radio" value="jpccck" name="SeriesKey" checked="checked" class="all-content"/><span>J. Phys. Chem. C</span></label><label for="allPubRadio" tabindex="0" aria-checked="false" role="radio" class="radio--primary"><input id="allPubRadio" type="radio" value="" name="SeriesKey" class="all-content"/><span>All Publications/Website</span></label></div></form><p>OR SEARCH CITATIONS</p><form action="/action/quickLink" name="citationQuickSearch" method="get" title="Quick Search" class="quick-search_citation"><input type="hidden" name="quickLink" value="true"/><select name="quickLinkJournal" class="quick-search_journals-select"><option value="jpccck">The Journal of Physical Chemistry C</option><option value="achre4">Accounts of Chemical Research</option><option value="amrcda">Accounts of Materials Research</option><option value="aastgj">ACS Agricultural Science & Technology</option><option value="aabmcb">ACS Applied Bio Materials</option><option value="aaembp">ACS Applied Electronic Materials</option><option value="aaemcq">ACS Applied Energy Materials</option><option value="aamick">ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces</option><option value="aanmf6">ACS Applied Nano Materials</option><option value="aapmcd">ACS Applied Polymer Materials</option><option value="abmcb8">ACS Bio & Med Chem Au</option><option value="abseba">ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering</option><option value="accacs">ACS Catalysis</option><option value="acscii">ACS Central Science</option><option value="acbcct">ACS Chemical Biology</option><option value="achsc5">ACS Chemical Health & Safety</option><option value="acncdm">ACS Chemical Neuroscience</option><option value="acsccc">ACS Combinatorial Science</option><option value="aesccq">ACS Earth and Space Chemistry</option><option value="aelccp">ACS Energy Letters</option><option value="aeacb3">ACS Engineering Au</option><option value="aeacc4">ACS Environmental Au</option><option value="aeecco">ACS ES&T Engineering</option><option value="aewcaa">ACS ES&T Water</option><option value="afsthl">ACS Food Science & Technology</option><option value="aidcbc">ACS Infectious Diseases</option><option value="amlccd">ACS Macro Letters</option><option value="amacgu">ACS Materials Au</option><option value="amlcef">ACS Materials Letters</option><option value="amachv">ACS Measurement Science Au</option><option value="amclct">ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters</option><option value="ancac3">ACS Nano</option><option value="anaccx">ACS Nanoscience Au</option><option value="acsodf">ACS Omega</option><option value="aoiab5">ACS Organic & Inorganic Au</option><option value="aptsfn">ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science</option><option value="apchd5">ACS Photonics</option><option value="apcach">ACS Physical Chemistry Au</option><option value="apaccd">ACS Polymers Au</option><option value="ascefj">ACS Sensors</option><option value="ascecg">ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering</option><option value="asbcd6">ACS Synthetic Biology</option><option value="ancham">Analytical Chemistry</option><option value="bichaw">Biochemistry</option><option value="bcches">Bioconjugate Chemistry</option><option value="bomaf6">Biomacromolecules</option><option value="bipret">Biotechnology Progress</option><option value="cgeabj">C&EN Global Enterprise</option><option value="cenear">Chemical & Engineering News Archive</option><option value="chlseg">Chemical Health & Safety</option><option value="chlseg0">Chemical Health & Safety</option><option value="crtoec">Chemical Research in Toxicology</option><option value="chreay">Chemical Reviews</option><option value="cmatex">Chemistry of Materials</option><option value="cgdefu">Crystal Growth & Design</option><option value="enfuem">Energy & Fuels</option><option value="esthag">Environmental Science & Technology</option><option value="estlcu">Environmental Science & Technology Letters</option><option value="iepra6.2">I&EC Product Research and Development</option><option value="iechad">Industrial & Engineering Chemistry</option><option value="iecac0">Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition</option><option value="iecjc0">Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Chemical & Engineering Data Series</option><option value="iecfa7">Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals</option><option value="iepdaw">Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development</option><option value="iepra6">Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development</option><option value="iecred">Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research</option><option value="iecnav">Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, News Edition</option><option value="inocaj">Inorganic Chemistry</option><option value="jaaucr">JACS Au</option><option value="jacsat">Journal of the American Chemical Society</option><option value="jafcau">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</option><option value="jceaax">Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data</option><option value="jci001">Journal of Chemical Documentation</option><option value="jceda8">Journal of Chemical Education</option><option value="jchsc2">Journal of Chemical Health & Safety</option><option value="jchsc20">Journal of Chemical Health & Safety</option><option value="jcics1">Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences</option><option value="jcisd8">Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling</option><option value="jctcce">Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation</option><option value="jcchff">Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry</option><option value="iechad.1">Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry</option><option value="jmcmar.1">Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry</option><option value="jmcmar">Journal of Medicinal Chemistry</option><option value="jnprdf">Journal of Natural Products</option><option value="joceah">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</option><option value="jpchax">The Journal of Physical Chemistry</option><option value="jpchax.2">The Journal of Physical Chemistry</option><option value="jpcafh">The Journal of Physical Chemistry A</option><option value="jpcbfk">The Journal of Physical Chemistry B</option><option value="jpclcd">The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters</option><option value="jprobs">Journal of Proteome Research</option><option value="jamsef">Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry</option><option value="jamsef1">Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry</option><option value="jamsef0">Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry</option><option value="langd5">Langmuir</option><option value="mamobx">Macromolecules</option><option value="mpohbp">Molecular Pharmaceutics</option><option value="nalefd">Nano Letters</option><option value="neaca9">News Edition, American Chemical Society</option><option value="orlef7">Organic Letters</option><option value="oprdfk">Organic Process Research & Development</option><option value="orgnd7">Organometallics</option><option value="iepra6.1">Product R&D</option><option value="scimts">SciMeetings</option><option value="jpchax.1">The Journal of Physical and Colloid Chemistry</option></select><input type="search" inputmode="numeric" pattern="[0-9]*" name="quickLinkVolume" autoComplete="false" placeholder="Vol" required="required" class="quick-search_volume-input"/><input type="search" inputmode="numeric" pattern="[0-9]*" name="quickLinkPage" autoComplete="false" placeholder="Page" required="required" class="quick-search_page-input"/><button type="submit" title="Search" class="icon-search"></button></form></div></div>
<div class="header_my-activity">
<a href="#"><i class="icon-id-badge" aria-hidden=”true”></i><span>My Activity</span></a>
<div class="header_my-activity-content">
<div class="header_my-activity-single">
<i aria-hidden="true" aria-label="close" class="icon-close"></i>
<div class="" data-name="recentlyViewedDropzone">
<div class="show-recently"><div class="show-recently-header">Recently Viewed</div><h6 class="show-recently-empty">You have not visited any articles yet, Please visit some articles to see contents here. </h6></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="header_publications">
<a href="#" class="pubModal_button"><i class="icon-book" aria-hidden=”true”></i><span>Publications</span></a>
</div>
<div class="header_burger-menu">
<a href="#?utm_source=Pubs_Solutions_Referer&utm_medium=Pubs_MenuIcon&utm_campaign=Pubs_Refere" class="header_burger-menu_button" title="menu button" aria-label="menu button"><i class="icon-navicon"></i><i
class="icon-close"></i></a>
<div class="header_burger-menu_content">
<ul class="hidden-lg">
<li><a href="#" class="pubModal_button"><i class="icon-book" aria-hidden=”true”></i><span>publications</span></a></li>
<li class="myActivityMobile"><a href="#" class="openTabletActivity"><i class="icon-id-badge" aria-hidden=”true”></i><span>my Activity</span></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="recentlyViewed--open">Recently Viewed</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="#">user resources</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/page/remoteaccess"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'Access Options');">Access Options</a></li>
<li><a href="https://publish-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/publish/"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'Authors & Reviewers');">Authors &
Reviewers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/content/acs/en/membership/member-benefits/publications-discounts.html"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'ACS Members');">ACS Members</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/page/virtual-collections.html"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'Virtual Issues');">Virtual Issues</a></li>
<li><a href="https://preferences-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/journals"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Home_MainMenu', 'Click', 'eAlert');">eAlerts</a></li>
<li><a href="/page/follow.html?widget=follow-pane-mobile"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'RSS & Mobile');">RSS & Mobile</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#">for organizations</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://solutions-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/?utm_source=Pubs_Solutions_Referer&utm_medium=Pubs_MenuBotton&utm_campaign=Pubs_Referer"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'Products & Services');">Products & Services</a></li>
<li><a href="https://solutions-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/access-options/?utm_source=Pubs_Solutions_Referer&utm_medium=Pubs_MenuBotton&utm_campaign=Pubs_Referer"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'Get Access');">Get Access</a></li>
<li><a href="https://solutions-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/resources/manage-my-account/?utm_source=Pubs_Solutions_Referer&utm_medium=Pubs_MenuBotton&utm_campaign=Pubs_Referer"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'Manage My Account');">Manage My Account</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#">support</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/page/demo/index.html">Website Demos & Tutorials</a></li>
<li><a href="https://acs.service-now.com/acs"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'Support FAQs');">Support FAQs </a></li>
<li><a href="#"
onClick="SnapEngage.startLink();return false; ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'Live Chat with Agent');"
class="help help-chat">Live Chat with Agent</a></li>
<li><a href="https://acsmediakit.org/digital/acs-pubs/?utm_source=Nav&utm_medium=Pubs&utm_campaign=CEN"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'For Advertisers');">For Advertisers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://solutions-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/help/?utm_source=Pubs_Solutions_Referer&utm_medium=Pubs_MenuBotton&utm_campaign=Pubs_Referer"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'For Librarians & Account Managers');">For
Librarians & Account Managers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="hidden-sm hidden-xs"><a href="#">pairing</a>
<ul>
<li><a class="header_burger-menu_pairadevice-link" href="/pairdevice">Pair a device</a></li>
<li><a class="header_burger-menu_pairthisdevice-link" href="/action/devicePairingSubmitCode"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'Pair this device');">Pair this device</a></li>
<li><a class="header_burger-menu_pairedstatus" href="/action/devicePairingSubmitCode">Paired status</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="hidden-lg hidden-md">
<a class="header_burger-menu_my-profile-link" href="/action/showPreferences">My Profile</a>
<a class="header_burger-menu_login-link" href="/action/ssoRequestForLoginPage">Login</a>
<a class="header_burger-menu_logout-link" href="#">Logout</a>
<a class="header_burger-menu_pairadevice-link" href="/pairdevice">Pair a device</a>
<a class="header_burger-menu_pairthisdevice-link" href="/action/devicePairingSubmitCode">Pair this
device</a>
<a class="header_burger-menu_pairedstatus" href="/action/devicePairingSubmitCode">Paired status</a>
</li>
<li><a href="#">about us</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/page/about-us.html"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'Overview');">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="http://acsopenscience.org"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'ACS & Open Access');">ACS & Open Access</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/#partners" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'Partners');">Partners</a></li>
<li><a href="/events"
onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Top Nav', 'Menu', 'Events');">Events</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="activity-container-tablet"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icon-close"></i></div>
<!-- begin SnapEngage code -->
<script type="text/javascript">
(function() {
var se = document.createElement('script'); se.type = 'text/javascript'; se.async = true;
se.src = 'https://storage-googleapis-com.ezproxy.uky.edu/code.snapengage.com/js/921a4ec7-cecf-43a6-afa5-6cd1346520b1.js';
var done = false;
se.onload = se.onreadystatechange = function() {
if (!done&&(!this.readyState||this.readyState==='loaded'||this.readyState==='complete')) {
done = true;
/* Place your SnapEngage JS API code below */
/* SnapEngage.allowChatSound(true); Example JS API: Enable sounds for Visitors. */
}
};
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(se, s);
})();
</script>
<style>
#SnapABug_Button,
#designstudio-button {
display: none;
}
</style>
<!-- end SnapEngage code -->
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="pub"><div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" class="pub-modal"><div class="pub-modal_content loop-trap"><a href="#" aria-label="close" tabindex="0" class="pub-modal_close icon-close pull-right"></a><div class="pub-modal_row"><div class="pub-modal_left"><div class="pub-modal_left-content"><div class="pub-modal_control hidden-lg hidden-md"><span class="pub-modal_control-text">Publications</span><a href="#" title="Back button" class="pub-modal_back"><i class="icon-angle-left"></i></a></div><!-- Types--><div class="pub-modal_types"><h6>CONTENT TYPES</h6><ul class="pub-modal_types-list"><li data-type="all" id="allID" class="pub-modal_types-active"><a href="#"><h4>All Types</h4></a></li></ul></div><!-- Subjects--><div class="pub-modal_subjects hidden-sm hidden-xs"><h6>SUBJECTS</h6><ul class="pub-modal_subjects-list"></ul></div></div></div><div class="pub-modal_right"><div class="pub-modal_control hidden-lg hidden-md"><span class="pub-modal_control-text">Publications: All Types</span><a href="#" title="Back button" class="pub-modal_back"><i class="icon-angle-left"></i></a></div><!--div.pub-modal_right-cover-gallery.hidden-lg.hidden-md//a(href="/coverGallery") Browse Our Cover Art Gallery
--><!-- Publications list--><!-- 'pub-modal_right--inner' adds styling required for IE--><div class="pub-modal_right--inner"><div class="pub-content"></div></div></div></div></div><!-- The widget data--><input type="hidden" id="ajaxUrl" name="ajaxUrl" value="/pb/widgets/achs-publication-list?widgetId=cabcb15c-6f7a-494b-a19c-eba4fafaee5c&pbContext=%3Bpage%3Astring%3AArticle%2FChapter+View%3Bctype%3Astring%3AJournal+Content%3Bjournal%3Ajournal%3Ajpccck%3Bwgroup%3Astring%3AACHS+website+Group%3BrequestedJournal%3Ajournal%3Ajpccck%3Bissue%3Aissue%3A10.1021%2Fjpccck.2018.122.issue-15%3Bwebsite%3Awebsite%3Aacspubs%3BpageGroup%3Astring%3APublication+Pages%3BsubPage%3Astring%3AFull+Text%3Barticle%3Aarticle%3A10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.8b01434&key=c7ca46a97ce077568c7371697bcd489c0&ajaxRequest=true"/><input type="hidden" name="pubModalData" value=""/></div></div>
<script>
//script to hide rights and permissions link on some journals article pages
$( document ).ready(function() {
var currentJournal = 'jpccck';
var rightsPermitJournalList = ['jaaucr', 'aeacc4', 'aeacb3', 'amacgu', 'amachv', 'anaccx', 'aoiab5', 'apcach', 'apaccd', 'acscii', 'acsodf', 'abmcb8'];
//console.log(rightsPermitJournalList);
if (rightsPermitJournalList.indexOf(currentJournal) != -1){
$('.article_rightPermissionsLink').hide();
console.log(rightsPermitJournalList.indexOf(currentJournal) )
}
});
</script>
</header>
<main data-widget-id="28284a6d-730d-4a56-93ad-909787c5ac1b" id="" class="content article"><article data-figures="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/action/ajaxShowFigures?doi=10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.8b01434&ajax=true" data-references="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/action/ajaxShowEnhancedAbstract?doi=10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.8b01434&ajax=true" data-enable-mathjax="true"><div class="figure-viewer"><div class="figure-viewer_row"><div class="figure-viewer_col loop-trap"><div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" class="figure-viewer_modal"><a href="#" title="Close" aria-label="close" tabindex="0" class="figure-viewer_close icon-close"></a><h2 class="figure-viewer_label"><span class="figure-viewer_current"></span></h2><div class="figure-viewer_image"><a href="#" title="Next" class="figure-viewer_next icon-angle-right"></a><a href="#" title="Previous" class="figure-viewer_prev icon-angle-left"></a><div class="figure-viewer_image-content"><img src="" alt="Figure 1" class="fv-img"/><img src="/pb-assets/ux3/loading-1525090748317.gif" alt="Loading Img" class="loading-img"/></div></div><div class="figure-viewer_links"><a href="#" title="Download Hi-Res Image" target="_blank" class="figure-viewer_hi-res-link"><i class="icon-file-image-o"></i><span>Download Hi-Res Image</span></a><span class="fv-separator"></span><a href="#" title="Download to MS-PowerPoint" class="figure-viewer_ms-p-link"><i class="icon-file-powerpoint-o"></i><span>Download to MS-PowerPoint</span></a><span class="cit-this-container"><a href="/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01434&href=/doi/full/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01434" title="Cite This" class="figure-viewer-cite-this-link"><i class="icon-check-circle"></i><span><strong>Cite This:</strong></span></a><span class="article_header-cite-this figure-viewer-cite-this"><span class="cit-fg-title"><i>J. Phys. Chem. C</i></span><span class="cit-fg-year"> 2018</span><span class="cit-fg-volume">, 122</span><span class="cit-fg-issue">, 15</span><span class="cit-fg-pageRange">, 8116-8127</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><input type="hidden" name="jpccck" id="copyRights" value="/pb-assets/json/journal-info-1641590078917.json"/><div class="article_fullPage"><div class="article_header"><div class="articleHeaderDropzone5" data-pb-dropzone="articleHeaderDropzone5"><div class="advertisement">
<div class="advertisement-link">
<a href="http://acsmediakit.org">ADVERTISEMENT</a>
</div>
<div id="dfp-journal-article-leaderboard">
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function() {
setTimeout(function() {
googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("dfp-journal-article-leaderboard"); });
}, 1400);
});
</script>
</div>
</div></div><div class="container container_scaled-down"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12.clearfix"><div class="article_header-left pull-left"><div class="article_header-dropzone-1"><div class="articleHeaderDropzone1" data-pb-dropzone="articleHeaderDropzone1"><div class="content-navigation clearfix"><a href="/toc/jpccck/122/15" title="Return to Issue" id="returnToIssues" class="content-navigation__btn--return"><span>RETURN TO ISSUE</span></a><a href="/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01145" title="Previous" id="prevID" class="content-navigation__btn--pre"><i class="icon-angle-left"></i><span>PREV</span></a><span class="content-navigation__contentType">Article</span><a href="/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01473" title="Next" id="nextID" class="content-navigation__btn--next"><span>NEXT</span><i class="icon-angle-right"></i></a></div></div></div><div class="headerLogo_e-alertsMobile_container"><div class="article_header-logo hidden-lg"><div class="pj-badge"></div><a href="/journal/jpccck" title="Journal Logo"><img src="/specs/ux3/releasedAssets/images/loader.gif" data-src="/na101/home/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/covergifs/jpccck/title.png" alt="Journal Logo" /></a></div><div class="e-alertsMobile_container hidden-md hidden-lg"></div></div><h1 class="article_header-title"><span class="hlFld-Title">Elucidating Factors Controlling Long-Term Stability of Radical Anions for Negative Charge Storage in Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries</span></h1><ul class="loa"><li><span><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Jingjing Zhang</span><div class="loa-info hlFld-Affiliation"><div class="loa-info-name">Jingjing Zhang</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations"><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States</div></div><div class="loa-info-scifinder"><span>More by <a href="/action/doSearch?field1=Contrib&text1=Jingjing++Zhang">Jingjing Zhang</a></span></div><div class="loa-info-orcid"><img src="/products/achs/releasedAssets/images/orchid.png" alt="Orcid" /><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-2312" title="Orcid link">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-2312</a></div></div></span></li><span class="comma-separator">, </span><li><span><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Jinhua Huang</span><div class="loa-info hlFld-Affiliation"><div class="loa-info-name">Jinhua Huang</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations"><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States</div></div><div class="loa-info-scifinder"><span>More by <a href="/action/doSearch?field1=Contrib&text1=Jinhua++Huang">Jinhua Huang</a></span></div><div class="loa-info-orcid"><img src="/products/achs/releasedAssets/images/orchid.png" alt="Orcid" /><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8065-9504" title="Orcid link">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8065-9504</a></div></div></span></li><span class="comma-separator">, </span><li><span><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Lily A. Robertson</span><div class="loa-info hlFld-Affiliation"><div class="loa-info-name">Lily A. Robertson</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations"><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States</div></div><div class="loa-info-scifinder"><span>More by <a href="/action/doSearch?field1=Contrib&text1=Lily+A.++Robertson">Lily A. Robertson</a></span></div><div class="loa-info-orcid"><img src="/products/achs/releasedAssets/images/orchid.png" alt="Orcid" /><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8784-0568" title="Orcid link">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8784-0568</a></div></div></span></li><span class="comma-separator">, </span><li><span><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Rajeev S. Assary</span><div class="loa-info hlFld-Affiliation"><div class="loa-info-name">Rajeev S. Assary</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations"><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States</div></div><div class="loa-info-scifinder"><span>More by <a href="/action/doSearch?field1=Contrib&text1=Rajeev+S.++Assary">Rajeev S. Assary</a></span></div><div class="loa-info-orcid"><img src="/products/achs/releasedAssets/images/orchid.png" alt="Orcid" /><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9571-3307" title="Orcid link">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9571-3307</a></div></div></span></li><span class="comma-separator">, </span><li><span><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Ilya A. Shkrob</span><strong>*</strong><div class="loa-info hlFld-Affiliation"><div class="loa-info-name">Ilya A. Shkrob</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations"><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States</div></div><span class="conrtib-corresp"><strong>*</strong>E-mail: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#b9cad1d2cbd6dbf9d8d7d597ded6cf"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="91e2f9fae3fef3d1f0fffdbff6fee7">[email protected]</span></a>. Phone: 630-252-9516.</span><span class="conrtib-corresp"></span><span class="conrtib-corresp"></span><div class="loa-info-scifinder"><span>More by <a href="/action/doSearch?field1=Contrib&text1=Ilya+A.++Shkrob">Ilya A. Shkrob</a></span></div><div class="loa-info-orcid"><img src="/products/achs/releasedAssets/images/orchid.png" alt="Orcid" /><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8851-8220" title="Orcid link">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8851-8220</a></div></div></span></li><span class="comma-separator">, and </span><li><span><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Lu Zhang</span><div class="loa-info hlFld-Affiliation"><div class="loa-info-name">Lu Zhang</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations"><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States</div></div><div class="loa-info-scifinder"><span>More by <a href="/action/doSearch?field1=Contrib&text1=Lu++Zhang">Lu Zhang</a></span></div><div class="loa-info-orcid"><img src="/products/achs/releasedAssets/images/orchid.png" alt="Orcid" /><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0367-0862" title="Orcid link">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0367-0862</a></div></div></span></li><span class="comma-separator"></span></ul><div class="article_header-meta clearfix"><div class="article_header-meta-left pull-left"><input type="hidden" name="journalCodeForjhpLink" value="jpccck" /><input type="hidden" name="journalNameForjhpLink" value="The Journal of Physical Chemistry C" /><div class="article_header-cite-this"><a href="/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.8b01434&href=/doi/10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.8b01434" title="Cite This"><i class="icon-check-circle"></i><strong>Cite this: </strong></a><span class="cit-title"><i>J. Phys. Chem. C</i></span> <span class="cit-year-info"><span>2018</span></span><span class="cit-volume">, 122</span><span class="cit-issue">, 15</span><span class="cit-pageRange">, 8116–8127</span></div><div class="article_header-epubdate"><span class="pub-date epub-date">Publication Date</span><span class="web-text"> (Web)</span><span class="date-separator">:</span><span class="pub-date-value">April 4, 2018</span><div class="article_header-history base dropBlock"><a href="#" data-db-target-for="article_header-history" title="History" target="_self" class="" aria-expanded="false"><i class="icon-angle-down"></i><i class="icon-angle-up"></i></a><div data-db-target-of="article_header-history" class="dropBlock__holder" aria-hidden="true"><div class="articleHeaderHistoryDropzone" data-pb-dropzone="articleHeaderHistoryDropzone"><h4>Publication History</h4>
<ul class="rlist article-chapter-history-list"><li><span class="item_label"><b>Received</b></span>9 February 2018</li><li><span class="item_label"><b>Revised</b></span>22 March 2018</li><li><span class="item_label"><b>Published</b> online</span>4 April 2018</li><li><span class="item_label"><b>Published</b> in</span><span class="item_label-issue">issue</span> 19 April 2018</li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="article_header-doiurl"><a href="https://doi-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01434" title="DOI URL">https://doi-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01434</a></div><div class="article_header-article-copyright"><strong>Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society</strong></div><div class="article_rightPermissionsLink"><div class="articleHeaderDropzone4" data-pb-dropzone="articleHeaderDropzone4"><div class="articleRightsPermissionsLink"><a href="/servlet/linkout?type=rightslink&url=startPage%3D8116%26pageCount%3D12%26copyright%3DAmerican%2BChemical%2BSociety%26author%3DJingjing%2BZhang%252C%2BJinhua%2BHuang%252C%2BLily%2BA.%2BRobertson%252C%2Bet%2Bal%26orderBeanReset%3Dtrue%26imprint%3DAmerican%2BChemical%2BSociety%26volumeNum%3D122%26issueNum%3D15%26contentID%3Dacs.jpcc.8b01434%26title%3DElucidating%2BFactors%2BControlling%2BLong-Term%2BStability%2Bof%2BRadical%2BAnions%2Bfor%2BNegative%2BCharge%2BStorage%2Bin%2BNonaqueous%2BRedox%2BFlow%2BBatteries%26numPages%3D12%26pa%3D%26issn%3D1932-7447%26publisherName%3Dacs%26publication%3Djpccck%26rpt%3Dn%26endPage%3D8127%26publicationDate%3DApril%2B2018">RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS</a></div></div></div><div class="article_header-access-block"><div class="article_header-open-access"></div><div class="article_header-access-icon"><img src="/products/achs/releasedAssets/images/subscribed.svg" alt="Subscribed Access" /></div></div></div><div class="article_header-meta-center pull-left"><div class="articleHeaderDropzone3" data-pb-dropzone="articleHeaderDropzone3"><div class="articleMetrics"><div class="articleMetrics_table"><div class="articleMetrics_row"><input type="hidden" name="articleMetricsDoi" value="10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01434"/><div class="articleMetrics_metric"><h6>Article Views</h6><div class="articleMetrics-val">870</div></div><div class="articleMetrics_altmetric"><h6>Altmetric</h6><div class="articleMetrics-val articleMetrics_score">-</div><div class="altmetric-donut hidden"><div data-badge-details="right" data-badge-type="donut" data-hide-no-mentions="false" data-condensed="true" class="altmetric-embed"></div></div></div><div class="articleMetrics_count"><h6>Citations</h6><div class="articleMetrics-val"><a href="#citeThis" class="internalNav">21</a></div></div></div></div><div class="articleMetrics_about"><div class="base dropBlock"><a href="#" data-db-target-for="aboutArticleMetrics" class="article_aboutLink">LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICS</a><div data-db-target-of="aboutArticleMetrics" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="dropBlock__holder"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icon-close_thin"></i><p>Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.</p><p>Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily.<a href="https://www.crossref.org/services/cited-by/" title="Find more information about Crossref citation counts"> Find more information about Crossref citation counts.</a></p><p>The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on<a href="https://help.altmetric.com/support/solutions/articles/6000233311-how-is-the-altmetric-attention-score-calculated" title="The Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated"> the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.</a></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article_header-meta-right"><div class="articleHeaderDropzone6" data-pb-dropzone="articleHeaderDropzone6"><div data-widget-def="UX3share" data-widget-id="787b5b92-0445-40f4-bdd2-9591d56f4a67" class="article_header-share share_label_visible">
<!-- Go to www.addthis.com/dashboard to customize your tools --><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="async" src="//s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=xa-4faab26f2cff13a7"></script><div class="share"><div class="share_button"><span class="share__label">Share</span><a href="#" data-db-target-for="787b5b92-0445-40f4-bdd2-9591d56f4a67" data-db-switch="icon-close_thin" aria-label="share button" class="share__ctrl"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icon-Icon_Share"></i></a></div>
<div class="achs-addto-mendeley"><input type="hidden" name="statusEndpoint" value="https://sso-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/idp/status" class="statusEndpoint"/><input type="hidden" name="clientID" value="atypon-lives" class="clientID"/><input type="hidden" class="doi" value="10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01434" /><span class="achs-addto-mendeley_label achs-addto-mendeley_addToLabel">Add to</span><span class="achs-addto-mendeley_label achs-addto-mendeley_viewInLabel">View In</span><a title="Add to mendeley button" class="achs-addto-mendeley_button" tabindex="0"><i class="achs-addto-mendeley_icon icon-mendeley"></i><i class="achs-addto-mendeley_close icon-close"></i></a><div data-db-target-of="5423a74c-bbd8-47b1-9f43-99423ee72e5c" class="achs-addto-mendeley_list dropBlock__holder"><ul><li><a href="#" title="Add Full Text with Reference" class="achs-addto-mendeley_disabled-button add-full-document"><i class="icon-bookmark-o"></i><span>Add Full Text with Reference</span></a></li><li><a href="#" title="Add Description" class="achs-mendeley_button add-metadata-description"><i class="icon-mendeley"></i><span>Add Description</span></a></li></ul></div><a href="#" title="View in mendeley button" class="achs-addto-mendeley_viewin-button"><i class="icon-mendeley"></i></a><div class="achs_loader"><div class="achs_loader_dot"></div><div class="achs_loader_dot"></div><div class="achs_loader_dot"></div></div><input type="hidden" name="meta-data" value="{"title":"Elucidating Factors Controlling Long-Term Stability of Radical Anions for Negative Charge Storage in Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries","type":"journal","authors":[{"first_name":"Jingjing","last_name":"Zhang"},{"first_name":"Jinhua","last_name":"Huang"},{"first_name":"Lily","last_name":"A. Robertson"},{"first_name":"Rajeev","last_name":"S. Assary"},{"first_name":"Ilya","last_name":"A. Shkrob"},{"first_name":"Lu","last_name":"Zhang"}],"source":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry C","year":"2018","month":"04","day":"04","issue":"15","volume":"122","pages":"8116-8127","identifiers":{"doi":"10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01434"},"abstract":"Radical anions of electrochemically reduced compounds (anolytes) have been suggested for storage of negative charge in nonaqueous redox flow batteries. The lower the redox potential of the anolyte molecule, the higher is the stored energy density. However, the stability of the radical ions frequently suffers as their redox potentials become extreme, and there is a compromise between the energy density and the chemical stability in the active form. In this study, we scrutinize this trade-off using one such “extreme,” the heterocyclic anolyte 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, BzNSN, by adjusting the redox potential of BzNSN via installed electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups. We show that the stability of the radical anion strongly depends on the degree of ion pairing in solution, with the worst being for the contact lithium ion pairs. For BzNSN derivatives, there is a strong correlation between the lifetime of the radical anion and the redox potential. The root cause appears to be the proton transfer from th"}" class="meta-data"/><input type="hidden" name="mendeley-api-endpoint" value="https://api.mendeley.com/documents" class="mendeley-api-endpoint"/><input type="hidden" name="pub-access" value="full" class="pub-access"/><input type="hidden" name="library-url" value="https://www.mendeley.com/library/" class="library-url"/><input type="hidden" name="selected-share-option" class="selected-share-option"/></div>
<div class="cit-download-dropdown"><span class="cit-download-dropdown_label">Export</span><a href="#" data-db-target-for="cit-download-dropdown_content" title="Download citation button" class="cit-download-dropdown_button"><span>RIS</span><i aria-hidden="true" aria-label="close" class="icon-close"></i></a><div data-db-target-of="cit-download-dropdown_content" class="cit-download-dropdown_content"><ul><li><a href="/action/downloadCitation?doi=10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.8b01434&include=cit&format=ris&direct=true&downloadFileName=acs.jpcc.8b01434" title="Citation"><span>Citation</span></a></li><li><a href="/action/downloadCitation?doi=10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.8b01434&include=abs&format=ris&direct=true&downloadFileName=acs.jpcc.8b01434" title="Citation and abstract"><span>Citation and abstract</span></a></li><li><a href="/action/downloadCitation?doi=10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.8b01434&include=ref&format=ris&direct=true&downloadFileName=acs.jpcc.8b01434" title="Citation and references"><span>Citation and references</span></a></li><li><a href="/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.8b01434&include=cit&format=ris&direct=true&downloadFileName=acs.jpcc.8b01434&href=/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01434" title="Cite This"><i class="icon-plus-square"></i><span>More Options</span></a></li></ul></div></div>
<div data-db-target-of="787b5b92-0445-40f4-bdd2-9591d56f4a67" id="787b5b92-0445-40f4-bdd2-9591d56f4a67_Pop" class="share__block dropBlock__holder fixed"><span class="sr-only">Share on</span><ul class="rlist w-slide--list addthis addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_32x32_style"><li><a role="link" class="addthis_button_facebook"><i aria-hidden="true" class="at-icon-wrapper icon-facebook"></i>Facebook</a></li><li><a role="link" class="addthis_button_twitter"><i aria-hidden="true" class="at-icon-wrapper icon-twitter"></i>Twitter</a></li><li><a role="link" class="addthis_button_wechat"><i aria-hidden="true" class="at-icon-wrapper icon-wechat"></i>Wechat</a></li><li><a role="link" class="addthis_button_linkedin"><i aria-hidden="true" class="at-icon-wrapper icon-linkedin"></i>Linked In</a></li><li><a role="link" class="addthis_button_reddit"><i aria-hidden="true" class="at-icon-wrapper icon-reddit"></i>Reddit</a></li></ul></div></div>