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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="ACS Energy Letters" /><meta name="dc.Title" content="A Sulfonate-Functionalized Viologen Enabling Neutral Cation Exchange, Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries toward Renewable Energy Storage" /><meta name="dc.Creator" content="Camden DeBruler" /><meta name="dc.Creator" content="Bo Hu" /><meta name="dc.Creator" content="Jared Moss" /><meta name="dc.Creator" content="Jian Luo" /><meta name="dc.Creator" content="T. Leo Liu" /><meta name="dc.Description" content="Redox flow batteries using synthetically tunable and resource abundant organic molecules have gained increasing attention for large-scale energy storage. Herein we report a sulfonate-functionalized..." /><meta name="Description" content="Redox flow batteries using synthetically tunable and resource abundant organic molecules have gained increasing attention for large-scale energy storage. Herein we report a sulfonate-functionalized..." /><meta name="dc.Publisher" content="American Chemical Society" /><meta name="dc.Date" scheme="WTN8601" content="February 13, 2018" /><meta name="dc.Type" content="rapid-communication" /><meta name="dc.Format" content="text/HTML" /><meta name="dc.Identifier" scheme="doi" content="10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01302" /><meta name="dc.Language" content="en" /><meta name="dc.Coverage" content="world" /><meta name="dc.Rights" content="Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society" />
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<title>A Sulfonate-Functionalized Viologen Enabling Neutral Cation Exchange, Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries toward Renewable Energy Storage | ACS Energy Letters</title>
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<meta property="og:url" content="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/doi/full/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01302" /><meta property="og:title" content="A Sulfonate-Functionalized Viologen Enabling Neutral Cation Exchange, Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries toward Renewable Energy Storage" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aelccp/2018/aelccp.2018.3.issue-3/acsenergylett.7b01302/20180305/images/acsenergylett.7b01302.social.jpeg_v03" /><meta property="og:description" content="Redox flow batteries using synthetically tunable and resource abundant organic molecules have gained increasing attention for large-scale energy storage. Herein we report a sulfonate-functionalized viologen molecule, 1,1′-bis(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium, (SPr)2V, as an anolyte in neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) functioning through a cation charge-transfer mechanism. Demonstrated (SPr)2V/KI AORFBs manifested high current performance from 40 to 100 mA/cm2 with up to 71% energy efficiency. In extended cycling studies, the (SPr)2V/KI redox flow battery delivered stable cycling performance at 60 mA/cm2, up to 67% energy efficiency, and 99.99% capacity retention per cycle. Density functional theory modeling of the electrostatic charge surface of (SPr)2V and its charged state, [(SPr)2V]–1, suggests charge repulsion and size exclusion enable their compatibility with a cation exchange membrane. The present findings expand the battery design of neutral viologen AORFBs and represent an attractive RFB technology for sustainable and benign renewable energy storage." /><meta property="og:type" content="Article" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="ACS Publications" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ACSPublications" /><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aelccp/2018/aelccp.2018.3.issue-3/acsenergylett.7b01302/20180305/images/acsenergylett.7b01302.social.jpeg_v03" />
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<main data-widget-id="28284a6d-730d-4a56-93ad-909787c5ac1b" id="" class="content article"><article data-figures="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/action/ajaxShowFigures?doi=10.1021%2Facsenergylett.7b01302&ajax=true" data-references="https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/action/ajaxShowEnhancedAbstract?doi=10.1021%2Facsenergylett.7b01302&ajax=true" data-enable-mathjax="true"><div class="figure-viewer"><div class="figure-viewer_row"><div class="figure-viewer_col loop-trap"><div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" class="figure-viewer_modal"><a href="#" title="Close" aria-label="close" tabindex="0" class="figure-viewer_close icon-close"></a><h2 class="figure-viewer_label"><span class="figure-viewer_current"></span></h2><div class="figure-viewer_image"><a href="#" title="Next" class="figure-viewer_next icon-angle-right"></a><a href="#" title="Previous" class="figure-viewer_prev icon-angle-left"></a><div class="figure-viewer_image-content"><img src="" alt="Figure 1" class="fv-img"/><img src="/pb-assets/ux3/loading-1525090748317.gif" alt="Loading Img" class="loading-img"/></div></div><div class="figure-viewer_links"><a href="#" title="Download Hi-Res Image" target="_blank" class="figure-viewer_hi-res-link"><i class="icon-file-image-o"></i><span>Download Hi-Res Image</span></a><span class="fv-separator"></span><a href="#" title="Download to MS-PowerPoint" class="figure-viewer_ms-p-link"><i class="icon-file-powerpoint-o"></i><span>Download to MS-PowerPoint</span></a><span class="cit-this-container"><a href="/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01302&href=/doi/full/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01302" title="Cite This" class="figure-viewer-cite-this-link"><i class="icon-check-circle"></i><span><strong>Cite This:</strong></span></a><span class="article_header-cite-this figure-viewer-cite-this"><span class="cit-fg-title"><i>ACS Energy Lett.</i></span><span class="cit-fg-year"> 2018</span><span class="cit-fg-volume">, 3</span><span class="cit-fg-issue">, 3</span><span class="cit-fg-pageRange">, 663-668</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><input type="hidden" name="aelccp" id="copyRights" value="/pb-assets/json/journal-info-1641590078917.json"/><div class="article_fullPage"><div class="article_header"><div class="articleHeaderDropzone5" data-pb-dropzone="articleHeaderDropzone5"><div class="advertisement">
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</div></div><div class="container container_scaled-down"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12.clearfix"><div class="article_header-left pull-left"><div class="article_header-dropzone-1"><div class="articleHeaderDropzone1" data-pb-dropzone="articleHeaderDropzone1"><div class="content-navigation clearfix"><a href="/toc/aelccp/3/3" title="Return to Issue" id="returnToIssues" class="content-navigation__btn--return"><span>RETURN TO ISSUE</span></a><a href="/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00121" title="Previous" id="prevID" class="content-navigation__btn--pre"><i class="icon-angle-left"></i><span>PREV</span></a><span class="content-navigation__contentType">Letter</span><a href="/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01266" title="Next" id="nextID" class="content-navigation__btn--next"><span>NEXT</span><i class="icon-angle-right"></i></a></div></div></div><div class="headerLogo_e-alertsMobile_container"><div class="article_header-logo hidden-lg"><div class="pj-badge"></div><a href="/journal/aelccp" title="Journal Logo"><img src="/specs/ux3/releasedAssets/images/loader.gif" data-src="/na101/home/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/covergifs/aelccp/title.png" alt="Journal Logo" /></a></div><div class="e-alertsMobile_container hidden-md hidden-lg"></div></div><h1 class="article_header-title"><span class="hlFld-Title">A Sulfonate-Functionalized Viologen Enabling Neutral Cation Exchange, Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries toward Renewable Energy Storage</span></h1><ul class="loa"><li><span><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Camden DeBruler</span><div class="loa-info hlFld-Affiliation"><div class="loa-info-name">Camden DeBruler</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations"><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States</div></div><div class="loa-info-scifinder"><span>More by <a href="/action/doSearch?field1=Contrib&text1=Camden++DeBruler">Camden DeBruler</a></span></div></div></span></li><span class="comma-separator">, </span><li><span><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Bo Hu</span><div class="loa-info hlFld-Affiliation"><div class="loa-info-name">Bo Hu</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations"><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States</div></div><div class="loa-info-scifinder"><span>More by <a href="/action/doSearch?field1=Contrib&text1=Bo++Hu">Bo Hu</a></span></div></div></span></li><span class="comma-separator">, </span><li><span><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Jared Moss</span><div class="loa-info hlFld-Affiliation"><div class="loa-info-name">Jared Moss</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations"><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States</div></div><div class="loa-info-scifinder"><span>More by <a href="/action/doSearch?field1=Contrib&text1=Jared++Moss">Jared Moss</a></span></div></div></span></li><span class="comma-separator">, </span><li><span><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Jian Luo</span><div class="loa-info hlFld-Affiliation"><div class="loa-info-name">Jian Luo</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations"><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States</div></div><div class="loa-info-scifinder"><span>More by <a href="/action/doSearch?field1=Contrib&text1=Jian++Luo">Jian Luo</a></span></div></div></span></li><span class="comma-separator">, and </span><li><span><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">T. Leo Liu</span><strong>*</strong><div class="loa-info hlFld-Affiliation"><div class="loa-info-name">T. Leo Liu</div><div class="loa-info-affiliations"><div class="loa-info-affiliations-info">The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States</div></div><span class="conrtib-corresp"><strong>*</strong>E-mail: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#efa38a80c1a3869aaf9a9c9ac18a8b9a"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="6529000a4b290c10251016104b000110">[email protected]</span></a></span><div class="loa-info-scifinder"><span>More by <a href="/action/doSearch?field1=Contrib&text1=T.+Leo++Liu">T. Leo Liu</a></span></div><div class="loa-info-orcid"><img src="/products/achs/releasedAssets/images/orchid.png" alt="Orcid" /><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3698-1096" title="Orcid link">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3698-1096</a></div></div></span></li><span class="comma-separator"></span></ul><div class="article_header-meta clearfix"><div class="article_header-meta-left pull-left"><input type="hidden" name="journalCodeForjhpLink" value="aelccp" /><input type="hidden" name="journalNameForjhpLink" value="ACS Energy Letters" /><div class="article_header-cite-this"><a href="/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1021%2Facsenergylett.7b01302&href=/doi/10.1021%2Facsenergylett.7b01302" title="Cite This"><i class="icon-check-circle"></i><strong>Cite this: </strong></a><span class="cit-title"><i>ACS Energy Lett.</i></span> <span class="cit-year-info"><span>2018</span></span><span class="cit-volume">, 3</span><span class="cit-issue">, 3</span><span class="cit-pageRange">, 663–668</span></div><div class="article_header-epubdate"><span class="pub-date epub-date">Publication Date</span><span class="web-text"> (Web)</span><span class="date-separator">:</span><span class="pub-date-value">February 13, 2018</span><div class="article_header-history base dropBlock"><a href="#" data-db-target-for="article_header-history" title="History" target="_self" class="" aria-expanded="false"><i class="icon-angle-down"></i><i class="icon-angle-up"></i></a><div data-db-target-of="article_header-history" class="dropBlock__holder" aria-hidden="true"><div class="articleHeaderHistoryDropzone" data-pb-dropzone="articleHeaderHistoryDropzone"><h4>Publication History</h4>
<ul class="rlist article-chapter-history-list"><li><span class="item_label"><b>Received</b></span>20 December 2017</li><li><span class="item_label"><b>Accepted</b></span>13 February 2018</li><li><span class="item_label"><b>Published</b> online</span>13 February 2018</li><li><span class="item_label"><b>Published</b> in</span><span class="item_label-issue">issue</span> 9 March 2018</li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="article_header-doiurl"><a href="https://doi-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01302" title="DOI URL">https://doi-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01302</a></div><div class="article_header-article-copyright"><strong>Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society</strong></div><div class="article_rightPermissionsLink"><div class="articleHeaderDropzone4" data-pb-dropzone="articleHeaderDropzone4"><div class="articleRightsPermissionsLink"><a href="/servlet/linkout?type=rightslink&url=startPage%3D663%26pageCount%3D6%26copyright%3DAmerican%2BChemical%2BSociety%26author%3DCamden%2BDeBruler%252C%2BBo%2BHu%252C%2BJared%2BMoss%252C%2Bet%2Bal%26orderBeanReset%3Dtrue%26imprint%3DAmerican%2BChemical%2BSociety%26volumeNum%3D3%26issueNum%3D3%26contentID%3Dacsenergylett.7b01302%26title%3DA%2BSulfonate-Functionalized%2BViologen%2BEnabling%2BNeutral%2BCation%2BExchange%252C%2BAqueous%2BOrganic%2BRedox%2BFlow%2BBatteries%2Btoward%2BRenewable%2BEnergy%2BStorage%26numPages%3D6%26pa%3D%26issn%3D2380-8195%26publisherName%3Dacs%26publication%3Daelccp%26rpt%3Dn%26endPage%3D668%26publicationDate%3DMarch%2B2018">RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS</a></div></div></div><div class="article_header-access-block"><div class="article_header-open-access"></div><div class="article_header-access-icon"><img src="/products/achs/releasedAssets/images/subscribed.svg" alt="Subscribed Access" /></div></div></div><div class="article_header-meta-center pull-left"><div class="articleHeaderDropzone3" data-pb-dropzone="articleHeaderDropzone3"><div class="articleMetrics"><div class="articleMetrics_table"><div class="articleMetrics_row"><input type="hidden" name="articleMetricsDoi" value="10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01302"/><div class="articleMetrics_metric"><h6>Article Views</h6><div class="articleMetrics-val">3881</div></div><div class="articleMetrics_altmetric"><h6>Altmetric</h6><div class="articleMetrics-val articleMetrics_score">-</div><div class="altmetric-donut hidden"><div data-badge-details="right" data-badge-type="donut" data-hide-no-mentions="false" data-condensed="true" class="altmetric-embed"></div></div></div><div class="articleMetrics_count"><h6>Citations</h6><div class="articleMetrics-val"><a href="#citeThis" class="internalNav">120</a></div></div></div></div><div class="articleMetrics_about"><div class="base dropBlock"><a href="#" data-db-target-for="aboutArticleMetrics" class="article_aboutLink">LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICS</a><div data-db-target-of="aboutArticleMetrics" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="dropBlock__holder"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icon-close_thin"></i><p>Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.</p><p>Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily.<a href="https://www.crossref.org/services/cited-by/" title="Find more information about Crossref citation counts"> Find more information about Crossref citation counts.</a></p><p>The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on<a href="https://help.altmetric.com/support/solutions/articles/6000233311-how-is-the-altmetric-attention-score-calculated" title="The Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated"> the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.</a></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article_header-meta-right"><div class="articleHeaderDropzone6" data-pb-dropzone="articleHeaderDropzone6"><div data-widget-def="UX3share" data-widget-id="787b5b92-0445-40f4-bdd2-9591d56f4a67" class="article_header-share share_label_visible">
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