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Computer Network and Internet

overview:

1. What is the Internet and Protocol?

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท(Internet)์ด๋ž€?

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

  • Internet : ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ์žฅ์น˜
    • hosts = end systems (์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ)
    • ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ application์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ISP(Internet Service Provider)๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— "๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ"๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
  • communication links (ํ†ต์‹  ๋งํฌ)
    • transmission rate (์ „์†ก ์†๋„) : bandwidth (๋Œ€์—ญํญ)
    • device์™€ device๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์„ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌด์„ ์ธ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
      • ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ , ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ผ๋””์˜ค, ์œ„์„ฑ(satellite)
      • ๋งค์งˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ bandwidth๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค.
  • Packet switches or Packet routers : ํŒจํ‚ท(๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ) ์ „๋‹ฌ

์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท(Internet)

  • application์— ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ(infrastructure)
    • Web, VoIP, email, ๊ฒŒ์ž„, ์ „์ž ์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜, ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, โ€ฆ
  • ์•ฑ์— ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์ œ๊ณต
    • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— "์—ฐ๊ฒฐ"ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•ฑ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ
      • e.g., ์†Œ์ผ“ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ
    • ๋น„์œ  : ์šฐํŽธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ œ๊ณต
      • ์šฐํŽธ ์ง‘๋ฐฐ์›์€ ํŽธ์ง€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ณ ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
      • ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, end-system๋งŒ์ด application์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ(protocol)์ด๋ž€?

  • ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ํ˜•์‹, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์—”ํ„ฐํ‹ฐ ๊ฐ„์— ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ˆœ์„œ ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ „์†ก, ์ˆ˜์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11
  • Internet standards (์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ‘œ์ค€)
    • RFC: Request for comments
    • IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force (Internet standards๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€)

์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ๋น„๊ต :
ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

2. Network Topology and Layout

2-1) Mesh Network

  • wiring์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Œ

2-2) Bus

  • broadcasting ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž์™€ ๋ฐœ์‹ ์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” Addressing์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
  • ์ž๊ธฐํ•œํ…Œ ์˜จ data๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ํ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ๋™์‹œ์— ์†ก์‹  ์‹œ, 1๋ช…๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

2-3) (Dummy) Hub

  • Star Topology ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ Bus์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2-4) Bridge

  • Bridge๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ(collision domain)์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ
    • ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
      • (1) ํ•˜๋“œ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ
      • (2) self-learning

2-5) Switch

  • Bridge์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์œ„์น˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค.
  • Collision Domain์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค.
  • ํ†ต์ƒ, Address๋Š” Logical Address์™€ Physical Address๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค.
    • (1) Logical Address
      • e.g., IP Address
    • (2) Physical Address
      • = Hardware Address = MAC Address
      • Switch๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
      • Hardware ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์†Œ ์ผ์น˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค.

2-6) Router


  • ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ(Router)๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ตœ์  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ…(Routing)ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜์ด๋‹ค.
  • Logical Address(IP Address)๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค.

Router์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ - Routing๊ณผ Forwarding

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ , local forwarding table์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ Forwarding์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ , local forwarding table์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ Routing์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Routing
  • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์†ก์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ ํŒจํ‚ท๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ—ค๋”์— ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€(end system)์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ํ—ค๋”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, source๋ถ€ํ„ฐ destination๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ์ด ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด local forwarding table์ด๋‹ค.
  • local forwarding table์€ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค.
    • ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •(routing algorithm)ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ forwarding table๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
    • ์ดํ›„ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ์˜ค๋ฉด forwarding table์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Forwarding
  • ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•  ์ง€ local forwarding table์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ฉด, link๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • local forwarding table์—์„œ packet header๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ data์˜ output link๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

3. Network Structure

3-1) Network Edge (๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์—์ง€, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ)

  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋ง๋‹จ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ๋ง๋‹จ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ด๋‹ค.
  • ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, ํ™ˆ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ด๋‹ค.
  • ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์—ฃ์ง€์˜ ๋ง๋‹จ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ Host(End System)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
    • ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ, Host์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์—๋Š” ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
      • ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ : ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ์ž
      • ์„œ๋ฒ„ : ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ž

Host: sends packets of data

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

  • host sending function:
    • takes application message
    • breaks into smaller chunks, known as packets, of length L bits
    • transmits packet into access network at transmission rate R
      • link transmission rate, aka link capacity, aka link bandwidth

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

3-2) Network Core:

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋“ค(host)๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด Network Core์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ "Network of Networks"์ด๋ฉฐ, ์„œ๋กœ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค.

๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํŒจํ‚ท๋“ค์ด ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์†ก์‹  ์ธก๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์‹  ์ธก ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ํ†ต์‹  ๋งํฌ์™€ ํŒจํ‚ท ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

link์™€ router์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(ํŒจํ‚ท)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Packet switching(ํŒจํ‚ท ๊ตํ™˜) ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ Circuit switching(ํšŒ์„  ๊ตํ™˜) ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค.

Packet switching : store-and-forward

Packet switching์€ store-and-forward(์ €์žฅ ํ›„ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹)์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. store-and-forward ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ '์ „์†ก๋  ๋ชจ๋“  ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด์•ผ(store), ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ์ฒซ ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ next link๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋œ๋‹ค(forward)'๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค.

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

์œ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ 1๋ฒˆ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด 1๋ฒˆ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ์ง€(์ฆ‰ 1๋ฒˆ ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ์ง€๋งŒ) ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค.

  • Packet switching์œผ๋กœ source์—์„œ destination๊นŒ์ง€ 1๋ฒˆ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋  ๋•Œ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ž. ๊ฐ ๋งํฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ๋‹น R bps์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ ํŒจํ‚ท์€ L bit์ด๋‹ค. (์ „ํŒŒ์ง€์—ฐ์€ ๋ฌด์‹œ)
    • (1) ์•ž์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•œ ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  bit๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์— ๋‹ค ๋„์ฐฉํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€, ์ด๋ฏธ ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” 1๋ฒˆ ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋น„ํŠธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋งํฌ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • (2) ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ 1๋ฒˆ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์— ๋‹ค ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์žฅ์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 1L/R์ดˆ์ด๋‹ค.
    • (3) 1L/R ์ดˆ์—์„œ 2L/R ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋™์•ˆ, ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒจํ‚ท์€ destination์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ „์†ก๋˜๊ณ , source์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • (4) ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด 2L/R ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด,
        1. 1๋ฒˆ ํŒจํ‚ท์€ destination์— ์žˆ๊ณ 
        1. 2๋ฒˆ ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์— ์ €์žฅ์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ(๋ชจ๋“  ๋น„ํŠธ๋“ค์ด ๋„์ฐฉ)๋œ๋‹ค.
      • ์ฆ‰, 1๋ฒˆ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด destionation์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด end-end delay๊ฐ€ 2L/R ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. (์ „ํŒŒ ์ง€์—ฐ์€ ๋ฌด์‹œ)
        • ๋งŒ์•ฝ store-and-forward ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€๋”๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ง€์—ฐ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ end-end delay๋Š” 1L/R์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ์•„๋‘๋ฉด ์ข‹๋‹ค.

Packet switching: queueing delay, packet loss

์ด์ „ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‘” ๋‘ ๋งํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†๋„๋ผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ, ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋งํฌ๋กœ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Š๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์—๋Š” queue๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ์ด ํ๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ €์žฅ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ, 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

1) queueing delay

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

๊ฐ ํŒจํ‚ท ์Šค์œ„์น˜(๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ)๋Š” ์ ‘์† ๋œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋งํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŒจํ‚ท ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฒ„ํผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋งํฌ๋กœ ์†ก์‹ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฒ„ํผ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋งํฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋งํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ๋ฒ„ํผ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ฒ„ํผ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„, queueing delay๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2) packet loss (drop)

๋ฒ„ํผ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ•œ์ •์ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ๋ฒ„ํผ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์น˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ๋ฒ„ํผ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.

Circuit switching

๋งํฌ์™€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋Š” Packet switching ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ Circuit switching(ํšŒ์„ ๊ตํ™˜) ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Circuit switching ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐ„์— ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ƒ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›์€ ์„ธ์…˜์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ์•ฝ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Circuit switching ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ „ํ™”๋ง์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ „ํ™”๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•ด๋ณด์ž.

์ผ๋‹จ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์นœ๊ตฌํ•œํ…Œ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ˆ˜ํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋”ฑ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„! ํ•ด๋‹น ์ „ํ™”๋ง์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๋‚˜๋งŒ ์“ธ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์˜ˆ์•ฝ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์†ก์‹ ์ž๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์žฅ๋œ ์ผ์ • ์ „์†ก๋ฅ ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋™์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ค‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋„ '์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด ํ†ตํ™”์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค' ๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค.
source์™€ destination ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด queueing delay ์™„ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์†์‹ค๋„ ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•ด๋†จ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚ญ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„ํ•˜! ์ „ํ™”์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ตฌ๋‚˜! ํ•ด์„œ Circuit-switching์€ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‚ด ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ค€๋น„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

๋‚ด์šฉ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ : https://wogh8732.tistory.com/14, https://inyongs.tistory.com/48

  • Circuit switching์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.
    • (1) ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • (2) ์ž์›์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
      • ํ†ต์‹ ์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์žฅ๋œ๋‹ค. (guaranteed)
    • (3) delay์™€ loss๊ฐ€ ์™„ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. (๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ •๋œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ „์†ก๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—)
    • (4) Bandwidth๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์ž์›์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค.

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

์œ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ๊ตต์€ ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์˜ ํšŒ์„ ์„ ๋‘ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ ๋“ค์€ ์ด ํšŒ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋งํฌ๊ฐ€ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํšŒ์„ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ ๊ฐ„์— 1Mbps์˜ ์ „์†ก์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ ํšŒ์„  ๊ตํ™˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์€ 250kbps์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

Circuit switching์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• - FDM, TDM

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

  • FDM (frequency division multiplex, ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹)

    • ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ชผ๊ฐœ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
  • TDM (time division multiplex, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹)

    • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ชผ๊ฐœ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ

Packet switching vs. Circuit switching

Packet switching Circuit Switching
์žฅ์ 
  • ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋กœ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.
  • ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํŒจํ‚ท ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ž๋ฅด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํŒจํ‚ท๋“ค์„ ์„ž์–ด์„œ ๋ณด๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ
    ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ link์˜ ๋‚ญ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • Circuit Switching๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์†ก์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ณต์œ ์—์„œ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
  • Circuit Switching๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋” ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋“ ๋‹ค.
  • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์†ก ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(bursty data)์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค.
๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์ ๋“ค์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • queueing delay๊ฐ€ ์™„ํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ „์†ก๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์žฅ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค.
  • ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ธด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „์†ก์„ ๋ณด์žฅ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ ๋” ๋‚ซ๋‹ค.
  • ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
๋‹จ์ 
  • ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์ด๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ข…๋‹จ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— streaming data(์ „ํ™”, ํ™”์ƒํšŒ์˜ ๋“ฑ)์—๋Š” ์ ๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.
  • ํ˜ผ์žก์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ delay์™€ loss๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, control ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
  • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๋•Œ, link์˜ ๋‚ญ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.

3-3) Access Networks (์ ‘์† ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ):

  • ์ ‘์† ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ž€ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • Host(End System)๊ฐ€ Network Core์— ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ด๋‹ค.
  • e.g., ์œ ์„ (๋žœ์„ ), ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ต์‹  ๋งํฌ(์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด) ๋“ฑ
    • ์œ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ๋žœ์„ ์„ ๊ผฝ์•„์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฌด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์ ‘์†ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค.

End System์„ Edge Router์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

  • ์ง‘ : Residential Access Network ์„ค์น˜
    • ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
  • ํ•™๊ต, ํšŒ์‚ฌ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ : Institutional Access Networks, Enterprise Access Networks (Ethernet) ์„ค์น˜.
    • ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
    • ์ „์†ก ์†๋„ : 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps ๋“ฑ
    • End System์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ Ethernet switch์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ธฐ์ง€๊ตญ : Mobile Access Networks๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜.

Wireless access networks (๋ฌด์„  ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ)

wireless access network๋Š” "access point"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ง€๊ตญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด end system์„ router๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ '๋ฌด์„ '์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค.

wireless access network์—๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(1) Wireless LANs (๋ฌด์„ ๋žœ):

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

LAN์€ Local Area Network์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ local area ๋‚ด์— device๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ LAN์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ, ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค, ์ง‘์„ ๋ฌด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ์ด ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด 802.11์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… wifi protocol์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

  • ์œ ํšจ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
    • ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋‚ด (100 ft = ์•ฝ 30.5m)
  • ์ „์†ก ์†๋„ (transmission rate)
    • 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 Mbps

(2) Wide-area Wireless Access

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

wide area network๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  LAN๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋„“์€ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค.

ํ†ต์‹ ์‚ฌ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ด๋ฉฐ, 3G, 4G, LTE ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” wireless LAN๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ 6G๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์œ ์„  ๊ด‘์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • ์œ ํšจ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
    • ์•ฝ 10km
  • ์ „์†ก ์†๋„ (transmission rate)
    • between 1 and 10 Mbps

4. delay, loss in networks

Packet Switching์—์„œ์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง€์—ฐ ์›์ธ

์•ž์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋“ฏ, Packet Switching(ํŒจํ‚ท ๊ตํ™˜)์€ store-and-forward(์ €์žฅ ํ›„ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹)์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. store-and-forward ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ '์ „์†ก๋  ๋ชจ๋“  ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด์•ผ(store), ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ์ฒซ ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ next link๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋œ๋‹ค(forward)'๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— queueing delay๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.

Packet Switching์—๋Š” queueing delay ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ์ง€์—ฐ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, Packet Switching์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ ์›์ธ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 4๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

    1. Processing delay (์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ง€์—ฐ)
    1. Queueing delay (ํ์ž‰ ์ง€์—ฐ)
    1. Transmission delay (์ „์†ก ์ง€์—ฐ)
    1. Propagation delay (์ „ํŒŒ ์ง€์—ฐ)

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „์ฒด ๋…ธ๋“œ ์ง€์—ฐ์€ d(nodal, ์ „์ฒด) = d(proc, ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ) + d(queue, ํ์ž‰) + d(trans, ์ „์†ก) + d(prop, ์ „ํŒŒ)์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

โ€‹์œ„ 4์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด์ž.

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

(1) Processing delay (์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ง€์—ฐ)

Processing ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํŒจํ‚ท ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ bit error๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ฐ์„ Processing delay๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋น„์œ  1 : ์†Œ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ์‹œ, ํƒ„์•ฝ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ํƒ„์•ฝ์˜ ์ด์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ (์šฐ์ƒํƒ„ 10๋ฐœ ์ด์ƒ๋ฌด), ํƒ„์•Œ์ง‘์„ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„.
๋น„์œ  2 : ๋†€์ด๊ณต์›์— ๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ ๋กค๋Ÿฌ์ฝ”์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋””๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐˆ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„.

Processing delay๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ, ํ˜น์€ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ขŒ์ง€์šฐ์ง€๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์† ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์—์„œ์˜ Processing delay๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ msec์ด๋‹ค.

(2) Queueing delay (ํ์ž‰ ์ง€์—ฐ)

๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ํŒจํ‚ท๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท๋“ค์„ queue ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด output link์˜ queue์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ฐ์„ Queueing delay๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋น„์œ  1 : (ํŠน์ • ํƒ„์•ฝ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ) ํƒ„์•Œ์ง‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ›„, ํƒ„์•ฝ์ด ํƒ„์•Œ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„.
๋น„์œ  2 : ๋กค๋Ÿฌ์ฝ”์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ ์•ž์„œ ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„.

Queueing delay๋Š” ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์˜ congestion(ํ˜ผ์žก) ์ •๋„, ์ฆ‰ ์•ž์„œ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒจํ‚ท๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

๋งŒ์ผ queue๊ฐ€ ๋น„์–ด์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ์ „์†ก ์ค‘์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ Queueing delay์€ 0์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ์ „์†ก ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์ด๋ฉด, Queueing delay๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธธ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.

์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ, Queueing delay๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(3) Transmission delay (์ „์†ก ์ง€์—ฐ)

  • d_trans: transmission delay:
    • L: packet length (bits)
    • R: link bandwidth (bps)
    • d_trans = L/R

queue๋ฅผ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์˜ output link๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” delay์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ „์†กํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์„ output link๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค.

๋น„์œ  1 : '๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์‡  ์ „์ง„', '์กฐ์ •๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ๋ฐœ'์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„.
๋น„์œ  2 : ๋กค๋Ÿฌ์ฝ”์Šคํ„ฐ์— ํƒ‘์Šนํ•  ์ฐจ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์•‰๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„.

Transmission delay๋Š” link์˜ bandwidth (link๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์–‘) ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, link bandwidth๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ณ€๊ฐ’์ด๊ณ  ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ Transmission delay๋„ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์€ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ Transmission delay๋Š” ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Transmission delay = (Packet Length) / (link bandwidth) ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

(4) Propagation delay (์ „ํŒŒ ์ง€์—ฐ)

์‹ค์ œ link๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „์†ก๋  ๋•Œ, link์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„(delay)์ด๋‹ค.

๋น„์œ  1 : ํƒ„์•Œ์ด ๊ฒฉ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด, ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฌผ์„ ํƒ€๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„.
๋น„์œ  2 : ๋กค๋Ÿฌ์ฝ”์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•ด์„œ ํ•œ ์ฝ”์Šค๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„.

Propagation delay๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ link์˜ ๋งค์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” delay๋กœ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ delay์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ์š”์ฆ˜๊ฐ™์ด ๊ด‘ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด๋„ ๋  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์งง๋‹ค.

Propagation delay = (distance) / (Propagation speed) ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
์ถœ๋ฐœ์ง€์™€ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ d์ด๊ณ  v๊ฐ€ link์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ์†๋„๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ „ํŒŒ ์ง€์—ฐ์€ d/v์ด๋‹ค.

Transmission delay vs. Propagation delay
  • Transmission delay๋Š” ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ, ๋‘ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†๋‹ค.
  • Propagation delay๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ํ•œ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋™(์ „ํŒŒ)ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ํŒจํ‚ท ๊ธธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์†ก๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†๋‹ค.

Queueing delay (ํ์ž‰ ์ง€์—ฐ)

  • R: link bandwidth (bps)
  • L: packet length (bits)
  • a: average packet arrival rate

๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ, traffic intensity(ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๊ฐ•๋„)๋Š” La/R๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
traffic intensity(ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๊ฐ•๋„)๊ฐ€ 1์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ‰๊ท  ํ์ž‰ ์ง€์—ฐ์ด ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small
  • La/R <= 1: avg. queueing delay large
  • La/R > 1: more โ€œworkโ€ arriving than can be serviced, average delay infinite!

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

Packet loss (ํŒจํ‚ท ์†์‹ค)

  • ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ queue (aka buffer)์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๋น„์šฉ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ•œํ•œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.
  • queue ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์œ ํ•œํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ queue๊ฐ€ ๊ฝ‰ ์ฐฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
  • ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(Host) ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํŒจํ‚ท ์†์‹ค์€ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ฝ”์–ด๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
  • ์†์‹ค ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ traffic intensity(ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๊ฐ•๋„)๊ฐ€ ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

5. Protocol layers (OSI 7 Layer)

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

  • Protocol layers๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์ด ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ 7๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘๋™(์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ, ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ†ต์‹ )ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์ด๋‹ค.
  • ISO(๊ตญ์ œํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๊ธฐ๊ตฌ)์—์„œ **OSI 7 ๊ณ„์ธต(OSI 7 Layer)**๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
  • ๊ฐ layer์—๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜ ํ‘œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Layer No. Layer Name Description
7 Application Consists of standard communication services and applications that everyone can use.
6 Presentation Ensures that information is delivered to the receiving machine in a form that the machine can understand.
5 Session Manages the connections and terminations between cooperating computers.
4 Transport Manages the transfer of data. Also assures that the received data are identical to the transmitted data.
3 Network Manages data addressing and delivery between networks.
2 Data Link Handles the transfer of data across the network media.
1 Physical Defines the characteristics of the network hardware.
  • layer๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ด์œ 
    • ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋‘์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ดํ•ด/๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค.
    • ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์‹œ, ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ layer๋งŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์ข‹๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค.
    • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ๋ฐ, layer์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ layer์˜ ๋™์ž‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • layer๋ฅผ ๋” ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, layer๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

Internet protocol stack (์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ์Šคํƒ)

ยฉ All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

application layer (์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ณ„์ธต)

  • ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ณ„์ธต ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค.
  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งŽ์€ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • HTTP (์›น ๋ฌธ์„œ ์š”์ฒญ๊ณผ ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต)
    • SMTP (์ „์ž๋ฉ”์ผ ์ „์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ณต)
    • FTP (๋‘ ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ ์ „์†ก ์ œ๊ณต)

transport layer (ํŠธ๋žœ์ŠคํฌํŠธ ๊ณ„์ธต)

  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ํŠธ๋žœ์ŠคํฌํŠธ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ฐ„์— ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ณ„์ธต ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—๋Š” TCP์™€ UDP๋ผ๋Š” 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠธ๋žœ์ŠคํฌํŠธ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ณ„์ธต ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • TCP๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ง€ํ–ฅํ˜• ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.
      • ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๋กœ์˜ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ณ„์ธต ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ณด์žฅ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„ ์ œ์–ด(์†ก์‹ ์ž/์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž์˜ ์†๋„ ์ผ์น˜)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • ๋˜ํ•œ TCP๋Š” ๊ธด ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์งง์€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ํ˜ผ์žก ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์žกํ•  ๋•Œ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ง€์˜ ์ „์†ก ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • UDP๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ๋น„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ˜• ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.
      • ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ, ํ๋ฆ„ ์ œ์–ด, ํ˜ผ์žก ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ด๋‹ค.

network layer (๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต)

  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ทธ๋žจ(datagram)์„ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.
  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.
    • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ (IP, Internet Protocol): IP ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ•„๋“œ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • ๋ผ์šฐํŒ… ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ: ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ง€์™€ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ๋น„๋ก ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ… ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, IP๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌถ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ํžˆ IP Layer๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.

link layer (๋งํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต)

  • ๋งํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ๋งํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋”๋„ท, 802.111 (WiFi) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

physical layer (๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์ธต)

  • ๋งํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ „์ฒด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์š”์†Œ์—์„œ ์ด์›ƒ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋“œ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
  • ์ด ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ๋“ค์€ ๋งํฌ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋งํฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ „์†ก ๋งค์ฒด(e.g., ๊ด‘์ผ€์ด๋ธ”, ๋™์ถ•์ผ€์ด๋ธ”)์— ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๋”๋„ท์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์ธต ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.(๊ด‘์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ, ๋™์ถ•์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ๋“ฑ)
  • ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํŠธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งํฌ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™๋œ๋‹ค.

Source :

  1. Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 6th edition - Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley March 2012
  2. https://lyres.tistory.com/40
  3. https://wogh8732.tistory.com/14
  4. https://ddongwon.tistory.com/69
  5. https://lemonlemon.tistory.com/122
  6. https://inyongs.tistory.com/38
  7. https://inyongs.tistory.com/39
  8. https://inyongs.tistory.com/44
  9. https://inyongs.tistory.com/48
  10. https://joooootopia.tistory.com/5
  11. https://snoop-study.tistory.com/60
  12. https://ddongwon.tistory.com/70
  13. https://dkswnkk.tistory.com/485
  14. https://dkswnkk.tistory.com/486
  15. 'Protocol Layers and the OSI Model', Chapter 2 TCP/IP (Overview), "System Administration Guide: IP Services", Oracle
  16. http://wiki.hash.kr/index.php/OSI_7_%EA%B3%84%EC%B8%B5
  17. https://depletionregion.tistory.com/83
  18. https://dkswnkk.tistory.com/m/492
  19. https://velog.io/@redgem92/%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC-%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0-%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC-%EA%B3%84%EC%B8%B5Data-Link-Layer-1