gh-111545: Add Py_HashDouble() function

* Add again the private _PyHASH_NAN constant.
* Add tests: Modules/_testcapi/hash.c and
  Lib/test/test_capi/test_hash.py.

Doc/c-api/hash.rst

@@ -5,12 +5,16 @@ PyHash API
 
 See also the :c:member:`PyTypeObject.tp_hash` member.
 
+Types
+^^^^^
+
 .. c:type:: Py_hash_t
 
    Hash value type: signed integer.
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.2
 
+
 .. c:type:: Py_uhash_t
 
    Hash value type: unsigned integer.
@@ -41,6 +45,28 @@ See also the :c:member:`PyTypeObject.tp_hash` member.
    .. versionadded:: 3.4
 
 
+Functions
+^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. c:function:: int Py_HashDouble(double value, Py_hash_t *result)
+
+   Hash a C double number.
+
+   * Set *\*result* to the hash and return ``1`` if *value* is finite or is
+     infinity.
+   * Set *\*result* to :data:`sys.hash_info.nan <sys.hash_info>` (``0``) and
+     return ``0`` if *value* is not-a-number (NaN).
+
+   *result* must not be ``NULL``.
+
+   .. note::
+      Only rely on the function return value to distinguish the "not-a-number"
+      case. *\*result* can be ``0`` if *value* is finite. For example,
+      ``Py_HashDouble(0.0, &result)`` sets *\*result* to 0.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 3.13
+
+
 .. c:function:: PyHash_FuncDef* PyHash_GetFuncDef(void)
 
    Get the hash function definition.

Doc/library/sys.rst

@@ -1034,7 +1034,13 @@ always available.
 
    .. attribute:: hash_info.nan
 
-      (This attribute is no longer used)
+      The hash value returned for not-a-number (NaN).
+
+      This hash value is only used by the :c:func:`Py_HashDouble` C function if
+      the argument is not-a-number (NaN).
+
+      .. versionchanged:: 3.10
+         This hash value is no longer used to hash numbers in Python.
 
    .. attribute:: hash_info.imag
 

Doc/whatsnew/3.13.rst

@@ -1252,6 +1252,9 @@ New Features
 * Add :c:func:`Py_HashPointer` function to hash a pointer.
   (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`111545`.)
 
+* Add :c:func:`Py_HashDouble` function to hash a C double number.
+  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`111545`.)
+
 
 Porting to Python 3.13
 ----------------------

Include/cpython/pyhash.h

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 
 #define _PyHASH_MODULUS (((size_t)1 << _PyHASH_BITS) - 1)
 #define _PyHASH_INF 314159
+#define _PyHASH_NAN 0
 #define _PyHASH_IMAG _PyHASH_MULTIPLIER
 
 /* Helpers for hash functions */
@@ -37,3 +38,4 @@ typedef struct {
 PyAPI_FUNC(PyHash_FuncDef*) PyHash_GetFuncDef(void);
 
 PyAPI_FUNC(Py_hash_t) Py_HashPointer(const void *ptr);
+PyAPI_FUNC(int) Py_HashDouble(double value, Py_hash_t *result);

Lib/test/test_capi/test_hash.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import math
 import sys
 import unittest
 from test.support import import_helper
@@ -77,3 +78,46 @@ def python_hash_pointer(x):
         # Py_HashPointer((void*)(uintptr_t)-1) doesn't return -1 but -2
         VOID_P_MAX = -1 & (2 ** (8 * SIZEOF_VOID_P) - 1)
         self.assertEqual(hash_pointer(VOID_P_MAX), -2)
+
+    def test_hash_double(self):
+        # Test Py_HashDouble()
+        hash_double = _testcapi.hash_double
+
+        def check_number(value, expected):
+            self.assertEqual(hash_double(value), (1, expected))
+
+        # test some integers
+        integers = [
+            *range(1, 30),
+            2**30 - 1,
+            2 ** 233,
+            int(sys.float_info.max),
+        ]
+        for x in integers:
+            with self.subTest(x=x):
+                check_number(float(x), hash(x))
+                check_number(float(-x), hash(-x))
+
+        # test positive and negative zeros
+        check_number(float(0.0), 0)
+        check_number(float(-0.0), 0)
+
+        # test +inf and -inf
+        inf = float("inf")
+        check_number(inf, sys.hash_info.inf)
+        check_number(-inf, -sys.hash_info.inf)
+
+        # special float values: compare with Python hash() function
+        special_values = (
+            math.nextafter(0.0, 1.0),  # smallest positive subnormal number
+            sys.float_info.min,        # smallest positive normal number
+            sys.float_info.epsilon,
+            sys.float_info.max,        # largest positive finite number
+        )
+        for x in special_values:
+            with self.subTest(x=x):
+                check_number(x, hash(x))
+                check_number(-x, hash(-x))
+
+        # test not-a-number (NaN)
+        self.assertEqual(hash_double(float('nan')), (0, sys.hash_info.nan))

Misc/NEWS.d/next/C API/2023-12-06-15-32-30.gh-issue-111545.kSOygi.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Add :c:func:`Py_HashDouble` function to hash a C double number. Patch by
+Victor Stinner.

Modules/_testcapi/hash.c

@@ -1,6 +1,17 @@
 #include "parts.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
+
+static PyObject *
+long_from_hash(Py_hash_t hash)
+{
+    assert(hash != -1);
+
+    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(long long) >= sizeof(hash));
+    return PyLong_FromLongLong(hash);
+}
+
+
 static PyObject *
 hash_getfuncdef(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
 {
@@ -54,14 +65,28 @@ hash_pointer(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *arg)
     }
 
     Py_hash_t hash = Py_HashPointer(ptr);
-    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(long long) >= sizeof(hash));
-    return PyLong_FromLongLong(hash);
+    return long_from_hash(hash);
+}
+
+
+static PyObject *
+hash_double(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *args)
+{
+    double value;
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "d", &value)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    Py_hash_t hash;
+    int res = Py_HashDouble(value, &hash);
+    return Py_BuildValue("iN", res, long_from_hash(hash));
 }
 
 
 static PyMethodDef test_methods[] = {
     {"hash_getfuncdef", hash_getfuncdef, METH_NOARGS},
     {"hash_pointer", hash_pointer, METH_O},
+    {"hash_double", hash_double, METH_VARARGS},
     {NULL},
 };
 

Python/pyhash.c

@@ -83,18 +83,23 @@ static Py_ssize_t hashstats[Py_HASH_STATS_MAX + 1] = {0};
 
    */
 
-Py_hash_t
-_Py_HashDouble(PyObject *inst, double v)
+int
+Py_HashDouble(double v, Py_hash_t *result)
 {
     int e, sign;
     double m;
     Py_uhash_t x, y;
 
     if (!Py_IS_FINITE(v)) {
-        if (Py_IS_INFINITY(v))
-            return v > 0 ? _PyHASH_INF : -_PyHASH_INF;
-        else
-            return _Py_HashPointer(inst);
+        if (Py_IS_INFINITY(v)) {
+            *result = (v > 0 ? _PyHASH_INF : -_PyHASH_INF);
+            return 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            assert(Py_IS_NAN(v));
+            *result = _PyHASH_NAN;
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
 
     m = frexp(v, &e);
@@ -126,7 +131,20 @@ _Py_HashDouble(PyObject *inst, double v)
     x = x * sign;
     if (x == (Py_uhash_t)-1)
         x = (Py_uhash_t)-2;
-    return (Py_hash_t)x;
+    *result = (Py_hash_t)x;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+Py_hash_t
+_Py_HashDouble(PyObject *obj, double v)
+{
+    assert(obj != NULL);
+
+    Py_hash_t hash;
+    if (Py_HashDouble(v, &hash) == 0) {
+        hash = Py_HashPointer(obj);
+    }
+    return hash;
 }
 
 Py_hash_t

Python/sysmodule.c

@@ -1514,7 +1514,7 @@ get_hash_info(PyThreadState *tstate)
     PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(hash_info, field++,
                               PyLong_FromLong(_PyHASH_INF));
     PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(hash_info, field++,
-                              PyLong_FromLong(0));  // This is no longer used
+                              PyLong_FromLong(_PyHASH_NAN));
     PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(hash_info, field++,
                               PyLong_FromLong(_PyHASH_IMAG));
     PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(hash_info, field++,