diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 4a9d4521a171..7ad9c69dc968 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## 2.47.1 / 2023-10-04
+
+* [BUGFIX] Fix duplicate sample detection at chunk size limit #12874
+
 ## 2.47.0 / 2023-09-06
 
 This release adds an experimental OpenTelemetry (OTLP) Ingestion feature,
diff --git a/VERSION b/VERSION
index bb13a7e35459..24c6ede7ad05 100644
--- a/VERSION
+++ b/VERSION
@@ -1 +1 @@
-2.47.0
+2.47.1
diff --git a/tsdb/head_append.go b/tsdb/head_append.go
index 9016943756a4..d1f4d3035e11 100644
--- a/tsdb/head_append.go
+++ b/tsdb/head_append.go
@@ -1282,9 +1282,6 @@ func (s *memSeries) appendPreprocessor(t int64, e chunkenc.Encoding, o chunkOpts
 		// There is no head chunk in this series yet, create the first chunk for the sample.
 		c = s.cutNewHeadChunk(t, e, o.chunkRange)
 		chunkCreated = true
-	} else if len(c.chunk.Bytes()) > maxBytesPerXORChunk {
-		c = s.cutNewHeadChunk(t, e, o.chunkRange)
-		chunkCreated = true
 	}
 
 	// Out of order sample.
@@ -1292,6 +1289,12 @@ func (s *memSeries) appendPreprocessor(t int64, e chunkenc.Encoding, o chunkOpts
 		return c, false, chunkCreated
 	}
 
+	// Check the chunk size, unless we just created it and if the chunk is too large, cut a new one.
+	if !chunkCreated && len(c.chunk.Bytes()) > maxBytesPerXORChunk {
+		c = s.cutNewHeadChunk(t, e, o.chunkRange)
+		chunkCreated = true
+	}
+
 	if c.chunk.Encoding() != e {
 		// The chunk encoding expected by this append is different than the head chunk's
 		// encoding. So we cut a new chunk with the expected encoding.
diff --git a/tsdb/head_test.go b/tsdb/head_test.go
index b501f5f3f3be..cd9ab651088a 100644
--- a/tsdb/head_test.go
+++ b/tsdb/head_test.go
@@ -5399,3 +5399,49 @@ func TestCuttingNewHeadChunks(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+// TestHeadDetectsDuplcateSampleAtSizeLimit tests a regression where a duplicate sample
+// is appended to the head, right when the head chunk is at the size limit.
+// The test adds all samples as duplicate, thus expecting that the result has
+// exactly half of the samples.
+func TestHeadDetectsDuplicateSampleAtSizeLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	numSamples := 1000
+	baseTS := int64(1695209650)
+
+	h, _ := newTestHead(t, DefaultBlockDuration, wlog.CompressionNone, false)
+	defer func() {
+		require.NoError(t, h.Close())
+	}()
+
+	a := h.Appender(context.Background())
+	var err error
+	vals := []float64{math.MaxFloat64, 0x00} // Use the worst case scenario for the XOR encoding. Otherwise we hit the sample limit before the size limit.
+	for i := 0; i < numSamples; i++ {
+		ts := baseTS + int64(i/2)*10000
+		a.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("foo", "bar"), ts, vals[(i/2)%len(vals)])
+		err = a.Commit()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		a = h.Appender(context.Background())
+	}
+
+	indexReader, err := h.Index()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var (
+		chunks  []chunks.Meta
+		builder labels.ScratchBuilder
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, indexReader.Series(1, &builder, &chunks))
+
+	chunkReader, err := h.Chunks()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	storedSampleCount := 0
+	for _, chunkMeta := range chunks {
+		chunk, err := chunkReader.Chunk(chunkMeta)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		storedSampleCount += chunk.NumSamples()
+	}
+
+	require.Equal(t, numSamples/2, storedSampleCount)
+}