The 2A peptide is a short (~15 residue) cis-acting oligopeptide that causes the ribosome to skip a peptide bond between a Gly-Pro dipeptide. 2A peptides are thought to interact with specific residues in the ribosome exit channel. Previous studies described 2A and 2A-like peptides that are broadly distributed in other RNA viruses, and typically occur between proteins with specific functions, including viral coat proteins and enzymes involved in viral replication.
2A peptides have conserved sequence features making them amenable to construction of profile hidden Markov models, which capture sequence elements in a statistical model suitable for searching large protein sequence databases. In particular, the Pro-Gly-Pro residues at its C-terminus are critical for 2A skipping activity.
Alignments and profile HMMs of class 1 and 2 2A peptides are in curated-models/.
hmmsearch results with the models against major protein databases are in db-searches.
N.B. searches with the 2A models will identify e.g. partial matches between the class 2 model and class 1 sequences and vice versa, due to similarities between the models (i.e., the C-terminal PGP
I have tried to no avail to incorporate these models into Pfam, now hosted by Interpro. They claim to not be able to build HMM models that are specific (due to the sequences being short), despite them starting with the collection of seqeuences that are identified using the models provided here 🤦♂️.
We performed a systematic search for 2A peptides using the hmmer software. Starting from a small set of previously described 2A peptides in picornaviruses, we iteratively built and searched three protein databases (UniProt, UniParc, and MGnify), identifying thousands of 2A peptides.
Visual inspection of multiple sequence alignments revealed a novel 2A peptide with features resembling the original 2A peptide. The original, class 1 sequences contain some key features:
- a stretch of leucine residues at the N-terminus
- a central region with a conserved GDVE motif
- C-terminal NPGP redidues, with skipping occuring between the Gly-Pro residues.
Class 2 2A peptides are similar to class 1 with some key distinctions.
- An invariant tryptophan residue at the N-terminus.
- No runs of leucine codons, but specific conserved residues in the central region similar to class 1 (e.g., GDVE in class 1, EEGIE in class 2)
- Examples with PNPGP and PHPGP residues at the C-terminus.
- Uniprot - highly curated reference proteins, pan-organism
- Uniparc - non-redundant, uncurated, pan-organism
- MGnify - sequences from enrivonmental samples
- Reference Proteomes — a subset of Uniprot used to build models for Pfam.
- IMGVR - large database of cultivated an uncultivated viruses
We created multiple sequence alignments using hmmalign and visualized them
with Jalview. Neighbor-joing trees were calulcated
for sequences in the MSA and the MSA was tree-sorted to identify sequence
similarities. Seed alignments were also calculated by eliminating redundant
sequences from the aligment. Sequence logos in img/ were created with
Skylign.
Mutliple sequence alignments of searches with the 2A models against
proteome databases are in db-searches/.
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Wang Y, Wang F, Wang R, Zhao P, Xia Q. 2A self-cleaving peptide-based multi-gene expression system in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Sci Rep. 2015 Nov 5;5:16273. doi: 10.1038/srep16273. PMID: 26537835; PMCID: PMC4633692.
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Liu Z, Chen O, Wall JBJ, Zheng M, Zhou Y, Wang L, Vaseghi HR, Qian L, Liu J. Systematic comparison of 2A peptides for cloning multi-genes in a polycistronic vector. Sci Rep. 2017 May 19;7(1):2193. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02460-2. PMID: 28526819; PMCID: PMC5438344.
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Sharma P, Yan F, Doronina VA, Escuin-Ordinas H, Ryan MD, Brown JD. 2A peptides provide distinct solutions to driving stop-carry on translational recoding. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 Apr;40(7):3143-51. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkr1176. Epub 2011 Dec 2. PMID: 22140113; PMCID: PMC3326317.
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Luke GA, de Felipe P, Lukashev A, Kallioinen SE, Bruno EA, Ryan MD. Occurrence, function and evolutionary origins of '2A-like' sequences in virus genomes. J Gen Virol. 2008 Apr;89(Pt 4):1036-1042. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.83428-0. PMID: 18343847; PMCID: PMC2885027.
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de Lima JGS, Lanza DCF. 2A and 2A-like Sequences: Distribution in Different Virus Species and Applications in Biotechnology. Viruses. 2021 Oct 26;13(11):2160. doi: 10.3390/v13112160. PMID: 34834965; PMCID: PMC8623073.
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Nibert, Max L. “'2A-like' and 'shifty heptamer' motifs in penaeid shrimp infectious myonecrosis virus, a monosegmented double-stranded RNA virus.” The Journal of general virology vol. 88,Pt 4 (2007): 1315-1318. doi:10.1099/vir.0.82681-0