Cuba

n. a microframework for web development.

Community

Meet us on IRC: #cuba.rb on freenode.net.

Description

Cuba is a microframework for web development originally inspired by Rum, a tiny but powerful mapper for Rack applications.

It integrates many templates via Tilt, and testing via Cutest and Capybara.

Guide

There's a book called The Guide to Cuba that explains how to build web applications by following a minimalistic approach. It is recommended reading for anyone trying to learn the basics of Cuba and other related tools.

Installation

$ gem install cuba

Usage

Here's a simple application:

# cat hello_world.rb
require "cuba"
require "cuba/safe"

Cuba.use Rack::Session::Cookie, :secret => "__a_very_long_string__"

Cuba.plugin Cuba::Safe

Cuba.define do
  on get do
    on "hello" do
      res.write "Hello world!"
    end

    on root do
      res.redirect "/hello"
    end
  end
end

And the test file:

# cat hello_world_test.rb
require "cuba/test"
require "./hello_world"

scope do
  test "Homepage" do
    get "/"

    follow_redirect!

    assert_equal "Hello world!", last_response.body
  end
end

To run it, you can create a config.ru file:

# cat config.ru
require "./hello_world"

run Cuba

You can now run rackup and enjoy what you have just created.

Matchers

Here's an example showcasing how different matchers work:

require "cuba"
require "cuba/safe"

Cuba.use Rack::Session::Cookie, :secret => "__a_very_long_string__"

Cuba.plugin Cuba::Safe

Cuba.define do

  # only GET requests
  on get do

    # /
    on root do
      res.write "Home"
    end

    # /about
    on "about" do
      res.write "About"
    end

    # /styles/basic.css
    on "styles", extension("css") do |file|
      res.write "Filename: #{file}" #=> "Filename: basic"
    end

    # /post/2011/02/16/hello
    on "post/:y/:m/:d/:slug" do |y, m, d, slug|
      res.write "#{y}-#{m}-#{d} #{slug}" #=> "2011-02-16 hello"
    end

    # /username/foobar
    on "username/:username" do |username|
      user = User.find_by_username(username) # username == "foobar"

      # /username/foobar/posts
      on "posts" do

        # You can access `user` here, because the `on` blocks
        # are closures.
        res.write "Total Posts: #{user.posts.size}" #=> "Total Posts: 6"
      end

      # /username/foobar/following
      on "following" do
        res.write user.following.size #=> "1301"
      end
    end

    # /search?q=barbaz
    on "search", param("q") do |query|
      res.write "Searched for #{query}" #=> "Searched for barbaz"
    end
  end

  # only POST requests
  on post do
    on "login" do

      # POST /login, user: foo, pass: baz
      on param("user"), param("pass") do |user, pass|
        res.write "#{user}:#{pass}" #=> "foo:baz"
      end

      # If the params `user` and `pass` are not provided, this
      # block will get executed.
      on true do
        res.write "You need to provide user and pass!"
      end
    end
  end
end

Status codes

If you don't assign a status code and you don't write to the res object, the status will be set as 404. The method not_found is in charge of setting the proper status code, and you can redefine it if you want to render a template or configure custom headers.

For example:

Cuba.define do
  on get do
    on "hello" do
      res.write "hello world"
    end
  end
end

# Requests:
#
# GET /            # 404
# GET /hello       # 200
# GET /hello/world # 200

As you can see, as soon as something was written to the response, the status code was changed to 200.

If you want to match just "hello", but not "hello/world", you can do as follows:

Cuba.define do
  on get do
    on "hello" do
      on root do
        res.write "hello world"
      end
    end
  end
end

# Requests:
#
# GET /            # 404
# GET /hello       # 200
# GET /hello/world # 404

You can also use a regular expression to match the end of line:

Cuba.define do
  on get do
    on /hello\/?\z/ do
      res.write "hello world"
    end
  end
end

# Requests:
#
# GET /            # 404
# GET /hello       # 200
# GET /hello/world # 404

This last example is not a common usage pattern. It's here only to illustrate how Cuba can be adapted for different use cases.

If you need this behavior, you can create a helper:

module TerminalMatcher
  def terminal(path)
    /#{path}\/?\z/
  end
end

Cuba.plugin TerminalMatcher

Cuba.define do
  on get do
    on terminal("hello") do
      res.write "hello world"
    end
  end
end

Security

The most important security consideration is to use https for all requests. If that's not the case, any attempt to secure the application could be in vain. The rest of this section assumes https is enforced.

When building a web application, you need to include a security layer. Cuba ships with the Cuba::Safe plugin, which applies several security related headers to prevent attacks like clickjacking and cross-site scripting, among others. It is not included by default because there are legitimate uses for plain Cuba (for instance, when designing an API).

Here's how to include it:

require "cuba/safe"

Cuba.plugin Cuba::Safe

You should also always set a session secret to some undisclosed value. Keep in mind that the content in the session cookie is not encrypted.

Cuba.use(Rack::Session::Cookie, :secret => "__a_very_long_string__")

In the end, your application should look like this:

require "cuba"
require "cuba/safe"

Cuba.use Rack::Session::Cookie, :secret => "__a_very_long_string__"

Cuba.plugin Cuba::Safe

Cuba.define do
  on csrf.unsafe? do
    csrf.reset!

    res.status = 403
    res.write("Not authorized")

    halt(res.finish)
  end

  # Now your app is protected against a wide range of attacks.
  ...
end

The Cuba::Safe plugin is composed of two modules:

• Cuba::Safe::SecureHeaders
• Cuba::Safe::CSRF

You can include them individually, but while the modularity is good for development, it's very common to use them in tandem. As that's the normal use case, including Cuba::Safe is the preferred way.

Cross-Site Request Forgery

The Cuba::Safe::CSRF plugin provides a csrf object with the following methods:

• token: the current security token.
• reset!: forces the token to be recreated.
• safe?: returns true if the request is safe.
• unsafe?: returns true if the request is unsafe.
• form_tag: returns a string with the csrf_token hidden input tag.
• meta_tag: returns a string with the csrf_token meta tag.

Here's an example of how to use it:

require "cuba"
require "cuba/safe"

Cuba.use Rack::Session::Cookie, :secret => "__a_very_long_string__"

Cuba.plugin Cuba::Safe

Cuba.define do
  on csrf.unsafe? do
    csrf.reset!

    res.status = 403
    res.write("Not authorized")

    halt(res.finish)
  end

  # Here comes the rest of your application
  # ...
end

You have to include csrf.form_tag in your forms and csrf.meta_tag among your meta tags. Here's an example that assumes you are using Cuba::Mote from cuba-contrib:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    {{ app.csrf.meta_tag }}
    ...
  </head>
  ...
  <body>
    <form action="/foo" method="POST">
      {{ app.csrf.form_tag }}
      ...
    </form>
  ...
  </body>
</html>

HTTP Verbs

There are four matchers defined for HTTP Verbs: get, post, put and delete. But the world doesn't end there, does it? As you have the whole request available via the req object, you can query it with helper methods like req.options? or req.head?, or you can even go to a lower level and inspect the environment via the env object, and check for example if env["REQUEST_METHOD"] equals the obscure verb PATCH.

What follows is an example of different ways of saying the same thing:

on env["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "GET", "api" do ... end

on req.get?, "api" do ... end

on get, "api" do ... end

Actually, get is syntax sugar for req.get?, which in turn is syntax sugar for env["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "GET".

Request and Response

You may have noticed we use req and res a lot. Those variables are instances of Rack::Request and Cuba::Response respectively, and Cuba::Response is just an optimized version of Rack::Response.

Those objects are helpers for accessing the request and for building the response. Most of the time, you will just use res.write.

If you want to use custom Request or Response objects, you can set the new values as follows:

Cuba.settings[:req] = MyRequest
Cuba.settings[:res] = MyResponse

Make sure to provide classes compatible with those from Rack.

Captures

You may have noticed that some matchers yield a value to the block. The rules for determining if a matcher will yield a value are simple:

1. Regex captures: "posts/(\\d+)-(.*)" will yield two values, corresponding to each capture.
2. Placeholders: "users/:id" will yield the value in the position of :id.
3. Symbols: :foobar will yield if a segment is available.
4. File extensions: extension("css") will yield the basename of the matched file.
5. Parameters: param("user") will yield the value of the parameter user, if present.

The first case is important because it shows the underlying effect of regex captures.

In the second case, the substring :id gets replaced by ([^\\/]+) and the string becomes "users/([^\\/]+)" before performing the match, thus it reverts to the first form we saw.

In the third case, the symbol ––no matter what it says––gets replaced by "([^\\/]+)", and again we are in presence of case 1.

The fourth case, again, reverts to the basic matcher: it generates the string "([^\\/]+?)\.#{ext}\\z" before performing the match.

The fifth case is different: it checks if the the parameter supplied is present in the request (via POST or QUERY_STRING) and it pushes the value as a capture.

Composition

You can mount a Cuba app, along with middlewares, inside another Cuba app:

class API < Cuba; end

API.use SomeMiddleware

API.define do
  on param("url") do |url|
    ...
  end
end

Cuba.define do
  on "api" do
    run API
  end
end

If you need to pass information to one sub-app, you can use the with method and access it with vars:

class Platforms < Cuba
  define do
    platform = vars[:platform]

    on default do
      res.write(platform) # => "heroku" or "salesforce"
    end
  end
end

Cuba.define do
  on "(heroku|salesforce)" do |platform|
    with(platform: platform) do
      run(Platforms)
    end
  end
end

Testing

Given that Cuba is essentially Rack, it is very easy to test with Rack::Test, Webrat or Capybara. Cuba's own tests are written with a combination of Cutest and Rack::Test, and if you want to use the same for your tests it is as easy as requiring cuba/test:

require "cuba/test"
require "your/app"

scope do
  test "Homepage" do
    get "/"

    assert_equal "Hello world!", last_response.body
  end
end

If you prefer to use Capybara, instead of requiring cuba/test you can require cuba/capybara:

require "cuba/capybara"
require "your/app"

scope do
  test "Homepage" do
    visit "/"

    assert has_content?("Hello world!")
  end
end

To read more about testing, check the documentation for Cutest, Rack::Test and Capybara.

Settings

Each Cuba app can store settings in the Cuba.settings hash. The settings are inherited if you happen to subclass Cuba

Cuba.settings[:layout] = "guest"

class Users < Cuba; end
class Admin < Cuba; end

Admin.settings[:layout] = "admin"

assert_equal "guest", Users.settings[:layout]
assert_equal "admin", Admin.settings[:layout]

Feel free to store whatever you find convenient.

Rendering

Cuba includes a plugin called Cuba::Render that provides a couple of helper methods for rendering templates. This plugin uses Tilt, which serves as an interface to a bunch of different Ruby template engines (ERB, Haml, Sass, CoffeeScript, etc.), so you can use the template engine of your choice.

To set up Cuba::Render, do:

require "cuba"
require "cuba/render"
require "erb"

Cuba.plugin Cuba::Render

This example uses ERB, a template engine that comes with Ruby. If you want to use another template engine, one supported by Tilt, you need to install the required gem and change the template_engine setting as shown below.

Cuba.settings[:render][:template_engine] = "haml"

The plugin provides three helper methods for rendering templates: partial, view and render.

Cuba.define do
  on "about" do
    # `partial` renders a template called `about.erb` without a layout.
    res.write partial("about")
  end

  on "home" do
    # Opposed to `partial`, `view` renders the same template
    # within a layout called `layout.erb`.
    res.write view("about")
  end

  on "contact" do
    # `render` is a shortcut to `res.write view(...)`
    render("contact")
  end
end

By default, Cuba::Render assumes that all templates are placed in a folder named views and that they use the proper extension for the chosen template engine. Also for the view and render methods, it assumes that the layout template is called layout.

The defaults can be changed through the Cuba.settings method:

Cuba.settings[:render][:template_engine] = "haml"
Cuba.settings[:render][:views] = "./views/admin/"
Cuba.settings[:render][:layout] = "admin"

NOTE: Cuba doesn't ship with Tilt. You need to install it (gem install tilt).

Plugins

Cuba provides a way to extend its functionality with plugins.

How to create plugins

Authoring your own plugins is pretty straightforward.

module MyOwnHelper
  def markdown(str)
    BlueCloth.new(str).to_html
  end
end

Cuba.plugin MyOwnHelper

That's the simplest kind of plugin you'll write. In fact, that's exactly how the markdown helper is written in Cuba::TextHelpers.

A more complicated plugin can make use of Cuba.settings to provide default values. In the following example, note that if the module has a setup method, it will be called as soon as it is included:

module Render
  def self.setup(app)
    app.settings[:template_engine] = "erb"
  end

  def partial(template, locals = {})
    render("#{template}.#{settings[:template_engine]}", locals)
  end
end

Cuba.plugin Render

This sample plugin actually resembles how Cuba::Render works.

Finally, if a module called ClassMethods is present, Cuba will be extended with it.

module GetSetter
  module ClassMethods
    def set(key, value)
      settings[key] = value
    end

    def get(key)
      settings[key]
    end
  end
end

Cuba.plugin GetSetter

Cuba.set(:foo, "bar")

assert_equal "bar", Cuba.get(:foo)
assert_equal "bar", Cuba.settings[:foo]

Contributing

A good first step is to meet us on IRC and discuss ideas. If that's not possible, you can create an issue explaning the proposed change and a use case. We pay a lot of attention to use cases, because our goal is to keep the code base simple. In many cases, the result of a conversation will be the creation of another tool, instead of the modification of Cuba itself.

If you want to test Cuba, you may want to use a gemset to isolate the requirements. We recommend the use of tools like dep and gs, but you can use similar tools like gst or bs.

The required gems for testing and development are listed in the .gems file. If you are using dep, you can create a gemset and run dep install.