diff --git a/.ruff.toml b/.ruff.toml
index 2b0e3434aa9..4938e32211f 100644
--- a/.ruff.toml
+++ b/.ruff.toml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 target-version = "py310"  # Pin Ruff to Python 3.10
-line-length = 95
+line-length = 88
 output-format = "full"
 
 extend-exclude = [
@@ -427,6 +427,9 @@ select = [
     "ANN",  # utilities don't need annotations
 ]
 
+[lint.pycodestyle]
+max-line-length = 95
+
 [lint.flake8-quotes]
 inline-quotes = "single"
 
diff --git a/doc/conf.py b/doc/conf.py
index ffb9d19bd07..fc86fcd6d98 100644
--- a/doc/conf.py
+++ b/doc/conf.py
@@ -77,7 +77,14 @@
 epub_description = 'Sphinx documentation generator system manual'
 
 latex_documents = [
-    ('index', 'sphinx.tex', 'Sphinx Documentation', 'the Sphinx developers', 'manual', 1)
+    (
+        'index',
+        'sphinx.tex',
+        'Sphinx Documentation',
+        'the Sphinx developers',
+        'manual',
+        1,
+    )
 ]
 latex_logo = '_static/sphinx.png'
 latex_elements = {
@@ -324,7 +331,9 @@ def setup(app: Sphinx) -> None:
     app.connect('autodoc-process-docstring', cut_lines(4, what=['module']))
     app.connect('include-read', linkify_issues_in_changelog)
     app.connect('build-finished', build_redirects)
-    fdesc = GroupedField('parameter', label='Parameters', names=['param'], can_collapse=True)
+    fdesc = GroupedField(
+        'parameter', label='Parameters', names=['param'], can_collapse=True
+    )
     app.add_object_type(
         'event',
         'event',
diff --git a/doc/development/tutorials/examples/recipe.py b/doc/development/tutorials/examples/recipe.py
index baf85fe3e2c..9848629216a 100644
--- a/doc/development/tutorials/examples/recipe.py
+++ b/doc/development/tutorials/examples/recipe.py
@@ -62,7 +62,15 @@ def generate(self, docnames=None):
         for ingredient, recipe_names in ingredient_recipes.items():
             for recipe_name in recipe_names:
                 dispname, typ, docname, anchor = recipes[recipe_name]
-                content[ingredient].append((dispname, 0, docname, anchor, docname, '', typ))
+                content[ingredient].append((
+                    dispname,
+                    0,
+                    docname,
+                    anchor,
+                    docname,
+                    '',
+                    typ,
+                ))
 
         # convert the dict to the sorted list of tuples expected
         content = sorted(content.items())
@@ -153,7 +161,14 @@ def add_recipe(self, signature, ingredients):
 
         self.data['recipe_ingredients'][name] = ingredients
         # name, dispname, type, docname, anchor, priority
-        self.data['recipes'].append((name, signature, 'Recipe', self.env.docname, anchor, 0))
+        self.data['recipes'].append((
+            name,
+            signature,
+            'Recipe',
+            self.env.docname,
+            anchor,
+            0,
+        ))
 
 
 def setup(app: Sphinx) -> ExtensionMetadata:
diff --git a/doc/development/tutorials/examples/todo.py b/doc/development/tutorials/examples/todo.py
index 4e9dc66855e..25aedfb0543 100644
--- a/doc/development/tutorials/examples/todo.py
+++ b/doc/development/tutorials/examples/todo.py
@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@ def purge_todos(app, env, docname):
     if not hasattr(env, 'todo_all_todos'):
         return
 
-    env.todo_all_todos = [todo for todo in env.todo_all_todos if todo['docname'] != docname]
+    env.todo_all_todos = [
+        todo for todo in env.todo_all_todos if todo['docname'] != docname
+    ]
 
 
 def merge_todos(app, env, docnames, other):
@@ -98,7 +100,9 @@ def process_todo_nodes(app, doctree, fromdocname):
             newnode = nodes.reference('', '')
             innernode = nodes.emphasis(_('here'), _('here'))
             newnode['refdocname'] = todo_info['docname']
-            newnode['refuri'] = app.builder.get_relative_uri(fromdocname, todo_info['docname'])
+            newnode['refuri'] = app.builder.get_relative_uri(
+                fromdocname, todo_info['docname']
+            )
             newnode['refuri'] += '#' + todo_info['target']['refid']
             newnode.append(innernode)
             para += newnode
diff --git a/sphinx/__init__.py b/sphinx/__init__.py
index 85397059f59..bf62f813e07 100644
--- a/sphinx/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/__init__.py
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@
 
     warnings.filterwarnings('default', category=RemovedInNextVersionWarning)
 warnings.filterwarnings(
-    'ignore', 'The frontend.Option class .*', DeprecationWarning, module='docutils.frontend'
+    'ignore',
+    'The frontend.Option class .*',
+    DeprecationWarning,
+    module='docutils.frontend',
 )
 
 #: Version info for better programmatic use.
diff --git a/sphinx/builders/__init__.py b/sphinx/builders/__init__.py
index 151df6aeb18..8a51cbb6717 100644
--- a/sphinx/builders/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/builders/__init__.py
@@ -16,14 +16,25 @@
 from sphinx.environment.adapters.asset import ImageAdapter
 from sphinx.errors import SphinxError
 from sphinx.locale import __
-from sphinx.util import UnicodeDecodeErrorHandler, get_filetype, import_object, logging, rst
+from sphinx.util import (
+    UnicodeDecodeErrorHandler,
+    get_filetype,
+    import_object,
+    logging,
+    rst,
+)
 from sphinx.util.build_phase import BuildPhase
 from sphinx.util.console import bold
 from sphinx.util.display import progress_message, status_iterator
 from sphinx.util.docutils import sphinx_domains
 from sphinx.util.i18n import CatalogInfo, CatalogRepository, docname_to_domain
 from sphinx.util.osutil import SEP, canon_path, ensuredir, relative_uri, relpath
-from sphinx.util.parallel import ParallelTasks, SerialTasks, make_chunks, parallel_available
+from sphinx.util.parallel import (
+    ParallelTasks,
+    SerialTasks,
+    make_chunks,
+    parallel_available,
+)
 
 # side effect: registers roles and directives
 from sphinx import directives  # NoQA: F401  isort:skip
diff --git a/sphinx/builders/html/__init__.py b/sphinx/builders/html/__init__.py
index 8f351b76a12..78b9accccd6 100644
--- a/sphinx/builders/html/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/builders/html/__init__.py
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@
 from sphinx import __display_version__, package_dir
 from sphinx import version_info as sphinx_version
 from sphinx.builders import Builder
-from sphinx.builders.html._assets import _CascadingStyleSheet, _file_checksum, _JavaScript
+from sphinx.builders.html._assets import (
+    _CascadingStyleSheet,
+    _file_checksum,
+    _JavaScript,
+)
 from sphinx.config import ENUM, Config
 from sphinx.deprecation import _deprecation_warning
 from sphinx.domains import Domain, Index, IndexEntry
diff --git a/sphinx/builders/latex/__init__.py b/sphinx/builders/latex/__init__.py
index 508c676312f..f19d66edbc9 100644
--- a/sphinx/builders/latex/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/builders/latex/__init__.py
@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@
 import sphinx.builders.latex.nodes  # NoQA: F401,E501  # Workaround: import this before writer to avoid ImportError
 from sphinx import addnodes, highlighting, package_dir
 from sphinx.builders import Builder
-from sphinx.builders.latex.constants import ADDITIONAL_SETTINGS, DEFAULT_SETTINGS, SHORTHANDOFF
+from sphinx.builders.latex.constants import (
+    ADDITIONAL_SETTINGS,
+    DEFAULT_SETTINGS,
+    SHORTHANDOFF,
+)
 from sphinx.builders.latex.theming import Theme, ThemeFactory
 from sphinx.builders.latex.util import ExtBabel
 from sphinx.config import ENUM, Config
diff --git a/sphinx/deprecation.py b/sphinx/deprecation.py
index 8605e418826..1baec85bf7a 100644
--- a/sphinx/deprecation.py
+++ b/sphinx/deprecation.py
@@ -40,7 +40,11 @@ def _deprecation_warning(
 
        # deprecated name -> (object to return, canonical path or empty string, removal version)
        _DEPRECATED_OBJECTS = {
-           'deprecated_name': (object_to_return, 'fully_qualified_replacement_name', (9, 0)),
+           'deprecated_name': (
+               object_to_return,
+               'fully_qualified_replacement_name',
+               (9, 0),
+           ),
        }
 
 
@@ -65,7 +69,9 @@ def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
 
     qualname = f'{module}.{attribute}'
     if canonical_name:
-        message = f'The alias {qualname!r} is deprecated, use {canonical_name!r} instead.'
+        message = (
+            f'The alias {qualname!r} is deprecated, use {canonical_name!r} instead.'
+        )
     else:
         message = f'{qualname!r} is deprecated.'
 
diff --git a/sphinx/environment/__init__.py b/sphinx/environment/__init__.py
index 20bfd86bc75..7aef2ea0667 100644
--- a/sphinx/environment/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/environment/__init__.py
@@ -12,7 +12,12 @@
 
 from sphinx import addnodes
 from sphinx.environment.adapters import toctree as toctree_adapters
-from sphinx.errors import BuildEnvironmentError, DocumentError, ExtensionError, SphinxError
+from sphinx.errors import (
+    BuildEnvironmentError,
+    DocumentError,
+    ExtensionError,
+    SphinxError,
+)
 from sphinx.locale import __
 from sphinx.transforms import SphinxTransformer
 from sphinx.util import DownloadFiles, FilenameUniqDict, logging
diff --git a/sphinx/errors.py b/sphinx/errors.py
index 44df3e8da95..c0339b4e998 100644
--- a/sphinx/errors.py
+++ b/sphinx/errors.py
@@ -45,7 +45,10 @@ class ExtensionError(SphinxError):
     """Extension error."""
 
     def __init__(
-        self, message: str, orig_exc: Exception | None = None, modname: str | None = None
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        orig_exc: Exception | None = None,
+        modname: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(message)
         self.message = message
diff --git a/sphinx/events.py b/sphinx/events.py
index 4dc5131e7ee..df2fdf7048d 100644
--- a/sphinx/events.py
+++ b/sphinx/events.py
@@ -84,7 +84,10 @@ def disconnect(self, listener_id: int) -> None:
                     listeners.remove(listener)
 
     def emit(
-        self, name: str, *args: Any, allowed_exceptions: tuple[type[Exception], ...] = ()
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *args: Any,
+        allowed_exceptions: tuple[type[Exception], ...] = (),
     ) -> list:
         """Emit a Sphinx event."""
         # not every object likes to be repr()'d (think
@@ -120,7 +123,10 @@ def emit(
         return results
 
     def emit_firstresult(
-        self, name: str, *args: Any, allowed_exceptions: tuple[type[Exception], ...] = ()
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *args: Any,
+        allowed_exceptions: tuple[type[Exception], ...] = (),
     ) -> Any:
         """Emit a Sphinx event and returns first result.
 
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/apidoc.py b/sphinx/ext/apidoc.py
index 53bc2ea370e..077f58624d2 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/apidoc.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/apidoc.py
@@ -96,7 +96,10 @@ def write_file(name: str, text: str, opts: CliOptions) -> Path:
 
 
 def create_module_file(
-    package: str | None, basename: str, opts: CliOptions, user_template_dir: str | None = None
+    package: str | None,
+    basename: str,
+    opts: CliOptions,
+    user_template_dir: str | None = None,
 ) -> Path:
     """Build the text of the file and write the file."""
     options = copy(OPTIONS)
@@ -148,7 +151,9 @@ def create_package_file(
         if not is_skipped_module(Path(root, sub), opts, excludes) and not is_initpy(sub)
     ]
     submodules = sorted(set(submodules))
-    submodules = [module_join(master_package, subroot, modname) for modname in submodules]
+    submodules = [
+        module_join(master_package, subroot, modname) for modname in submodules
+    ]
     options = copy(OPTIONS)
     if opts.includeprivate and 'private-members' not in options:
         options.append('private-members')
@@ -316,7 +321,9 @@ def recurse_tree(
         if is_pkg or is_namespace:
             # we are in a package with something to document
             if subs or len(files) > 1 or not is_skipped_package(root, opts):
-                subpackage = root[len(rootpath) :].lstrip(path.sep).replace(path.sep, '.')
+                subpackage = (
+                    root[len(rootpath) :].lstrip(path.sep).replace(path.sep, '.')
+                )
                 # if this is not a namespace or
                 # a namespace and there is something there to document
                 if not is_namespace or has_child_module(root, excludes, opts):
@@ -342,7 +349,9 @@ def recurse_tree(
                 if not is_skipped_module(Path(rootpath, py_file), opts, excludes):
                     module = py_file.split('.')[0]
                     written_files.append(
-                        create_module_file(root_package, module, opts, user_template_dir)
+                        create_module_file(
+                            root_package, module, opts, user_template_dir
+                        )
                     )
                     toplevels.append(module)
 
@@ -361,7 +370,7 @@ def is_excluded(root: str | Path, excludes: Sequence[re.Pattern[str]]) -> bool:
 
 def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        usage='%(prog)s [OPTIONS] -o <OUTPUT_PATH> <MODULE_PATH> ' '[EXCLUDE_PATTERN, ...]',
+        usage='%(prog)s [OPTIONS] -o <OUTPUT_PATH> <MODULE_PATH> [EXCLUDE_PATTERN, ...]',
         epilog=__('For more information, visit <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>.'),
         description=__("""
 Look recursively in <MODULE_PATH> for Python modules and packages and create
@@ -384,7 +393,9 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
     parser.add_argument(
         'exclude_pattern',
         nargs='*',
-        help=__('fnmatch-style file and/or directory patterns ' 'to exclude from generation'),
+        help=__(
+            'fnmatch-style file and/or directory patterns ' 'to exclude from generation'
+        ),
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -411,7 +422,11 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         help=__('maximum depth of submodules to show in the TOC ' '(default: 4)'),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-f', '--force', action='store_true', dest='force', help=__('overwrite existing files')
+        '-f',
+        '--force',
+        action='store_true',
+        dest='force',
+        help=__('overwrite existing files'),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         '-l',
@@ -420,7 +435,8 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         dest='followlinks',
         default=False,
         help=__(
-            'follow symbolic links. Powerful when combined ' 'with collective.recipe.omelette.'
+            'follow symbolic links. Powerful when combined '
+            'with collective.recipe.omelette.'
         ),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -481,7 +497,8 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         action='store_true',
         dest='implicit_namespaces',
         help=__(
-            'interpret module paths according to PEP-0420 ' 'implicit namespaces specification'
+            'interpret module paths according to PEP-0420 '
+            'implicit namespaces specification'
         ),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -497,7 +514,9 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         '--remove-old',
         action='store_true',
         dest='remove_old',
-        help=__('Remove existing files in the output directory that were not generated'),
+        help=__(
+            'Remove existing files in the output directory that were not generated'
+        ),
     )
     exclusive_group.add_argument(
         '-F',
@@ -539,7 +558,9 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         '--doc-release',
         action='store',
         dest='release',
-        help=__('project release, used when --full is given, ' 'defaults to --doc-version'),
+        help=__(
+            'project release, used when --full is given, ' 'defaults to --doc-version'
+        ),
     )
 
     group = parser.add_argument_group(__('extension options'))
@@ -649,7 +670,11 @@ def main(argv: Sequence[str] = (), /) -> int:
             'suffix': '.' + args.suffix,
             'master': 'index',
             'epub': True,
-            'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.autodoc', 'sphinx.ext.viewcode', 'sphinx.ext.todo'],
+            'extensions': [
+                'sphinx.ext.autodoc',
+                'sphinx.ext.viewcode',
+                'sphinx.ext.todo',
+            ],
             'makefile': True,
             'batchfile': True,
             'make_mode': True,
@@ -670,7 +695,9 @@ def main(argv: Sequence[str] = (), /) -> int:
                 d['extensions'].extend(ext.split(','))
 
         if not args.dryrun:
-            qs.generate(d, silent=True, overwrite=args.force, templatedir=args.templatedir)
+            qs.generate(
+                d, silent=True, overwrite=args.force, templatedir=args.templatedir
+            )
     elif args.tocfile:
         written_files.append(
             create_modules_toc_file(modules, args, args.tocfile, args.templatedir)
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/autosummary/generate.py b/sphinx/ext/autosummary/generate.py
index 356043e1e68..eab9d00b17a 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/autosummary/generate.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/autosummary/generate.py
@@ -131,7 +131,9 @@ def __init__(self, app: Sphinx) -> None:
             msg = 'Expected a Sphinx application object!'
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
-        system_templates_path = [os.path.join(package_dir, 'ext', 'autosummary', 'templates')]
+        system_templates_path = [
+            os.path.join(package_dir, 'ext', 'autosummary', 'templates')
+        ]
         loader = SphinxTemplateLoader(
             app.srcdir, app.config.templates_path, system_templates_path
         )
@@ -297,7 +299,9 @@ def generate_autosummary_content(
         ns['members'] = scanner.scan(imported_members)
 
         respect_module_all = not app.config.autosummary_ignore_module_all
-        imported_members = imported_members or ('__all__' in dir(obj) and respect_module_all)
+        imported_members = imported_members or (
+            '__all__' in dir(obj) and respect_module_all
+        )
 
         ns['functions'], ns['all_functions'] = _get_members(
             doc, app, obj, {'function'}, imported=imported_members
@@ -378,7 +382,9 @@ def generate_autosummary_content(
 
 def _skip_member(app: Sphinx, obj: Any, name: str, objtype: str) -> bool:
     try:
-        return app.emit_firstresult('autodoc-skip-member', objtype, name, obj, False, {})
+        return app.emit_firstresult(
+            'autodoc-skip-member', objtype, name, obj, False, {}
+        )
     except Exception as exc:
         logger.warning(
             __(
@@ -465,7 +471,11 @@ def _get_module_attrs(name: str, members: Any) -> tuple[list[str], list[str]]:
 
 
 def _get_modules(
-    obj: Any, *, skip: Sequence[str], name: str, public_members: Sequence[str] | None = None
+    obj: Any,
+    *,
+    skip: Sequence[str],
+    name: str,
+    public_members: Sequence[str] | None = None,
 ) -> tuple[list[str], list[str]]:
     items: list[str] = []
     public: list[str] = []
@@ -511,7 +521,9 @@ def generate_autosummary_docs(
     showed_sources = sorted(sources)
     if len(showed_sources) > 20:
         showed_sources = showed_sources[:10] + ['...'] + showed_sources[-10:]
-    logger.info(__('[autosummary] generating autosummary for: %s'), ', '.join(showed_sources))
+    logger.info(
+        __('[autosummary] generating autosummary for: %s'), ', '.join(showed_sources)
+    )
 
     if output_dir:
         logger.info(__('[autosummary] writing to %s'), output_dir)
@@ -736,7 +748,9 @@ def find_autosummary_in_lines(
         if m:
             current_module = m.group(1).strip()
             # recurse into the automodule docstring
-            documented.extend(find_autosummary_in_docstring(current_module, filename=filename))
+            documented.extend(
+                find_autosummary_in_docstring(current_module, filename=filename)
+            )
             continue
 
         m = module_re.match(line)
@@ -823,7 +837,9 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         action='store_true',
         dest='remove_old',
         default=False,
-        help=__('Remove existing files in the output directory that were not generated'),
+        help=__(
+            'Remove existing files in the output directory that were not generated'
+        ),
     )
 
     return parser
diff --git a/sphinx/highlighting.py b/sphinx/highlighting.py
index 86bdd234430..c7ae156689d 100644
--- a/sphinx/highlighting.py
+++ b/sphinx/highlighting.py
@@ -48,7 +48,11 @@
 }
 
 
-escape_hl_chars = {ord('\\'): '\\PYGZbs{}', ord('{'): '\\PYGZob{}', ord('}'): '\\PYGZcb{}'}
+escape_hl_chars = {
+    ord('\\'): '\\PYGZbs{}',
+    ord('{'): '\\PYGZob{}',
+    ord('}'): '\\PYGZcb{}',
+}
 
 # used if Pygments is available
 # MEMO: no use of \protected here to avoid having to do hyperref extras,
@@ -96,7 +100,10 @@ class PygmentsBridge:
     latex_formatter = LatexFormatter[str]
 
     def __init__(
-        self, dest: str = 'html', stylename: str = 'sphinx', latex_engine: str | None = None
+        self,
+        dest: str = 'html',
+        stylename: str = 'sphinx',
+        latex_engine: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.dest = dest
         self.latex_engine = latex_engine
diff --git a/sphinx/jinja2glue.py b/sphinx/jinja2glue.py
index 74321383455..0df58b52d4f 100644
--- a/sphinx/jinja2glue.py
+++ b/sphinx/jinja2glue.py
@@ -116,7 +116,9 @@ class SphinxFileSystemLoader(FileSystemLoader):
     template names.
     """
 
-    def get_source(self, environment: Environment, template: str) -> tuple[str, str, Callable]:
+    def get_source(
+        self, environment: Environment, template: str
+    ) -> tuple[str, str, Callable]:
         for searchpath in self.searchpath:
             filename = path.join(searchpath, template)
             f = open_if_exists(filename)
@@ -220,7 +222,9 @@ def _newest_template_mtime_name(self) -> tuple[float, str]:
 
     # Loader interface
 
-    def get_source(self, environment: Environment, template: str) -> tuple[str, str, Callable]:
+    def get_source(
+        self, environment: Environment, template: str
+    ) -> tuple[str, str, Callable]:
         loaders = self.loaders
         # exclamation mark starts search from theme
         if template.startswith('!'):
diff --git a/sphinx/locale/__init__.py b/sphinx/locale/__init__.py
index c0b4ee9adff..1d66c8e1e45 100644
--- a/sphinx/locale/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/locale/__init__.py
@@ -166,11 +166,15 @@ def init_console(
     return init([locale_dir], language, catalog, 'console')
 
 
-def get_translator(catalog: str = 'sphinx', namespace: str = 'general') -> NullTranslations:
+def get_translator(
+    catalog: str = 'sphinx', namespace: str = 'general'
+) -> NullTranslations:
     return translators.get((namespace, catalog), NullTranslations())
 
 
-def is_translator_registered(catalog: str = 'sphinx', namespace: str = 'general') -> bool:
+def is_translator_registered(
+    catalog: str = 'sphinx', namespace: str = 'general'
+) -> bool:
     return (namespace, catalog) in translators
 
 
diff --git a/sphinx/parsers.py b/sphinx/parsers.py
index 955d59b3b79..cc10ce184b1 100644
--- a/sphinx/parsers.py
+++ b/sphinx/parsers.py
@@ -72,7 +72,9 @@ def parse(self, inputstring: str | StringList, document: nodes.document) -> None
         # preprocess inputstring
         if isinstance(inputstring, str):
             lines = docutils.statemachine.string2lines(
-                inputstring, tab_width=document.settings.tab_width, convert_whitespace=True
+                inputstring,
+                tab_width=document.settings.tab_width,
+                convert_whitespace=True,
             )
 
             inputlines = StringList(lines, document.current_source)
diff --git a/sphinx/project.py b/sphinx/project.py
index f1d77a351a0..01642999306 100644
--- a/sphinx/project.py
+++ b/sphinx/project.py
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@
 class Project:
     """A project is the source code set of the Sphinx document(s)."""
 
-    def __init__(self, srcdir: str | os.PathLike[str], source_suffix: Iterable[str]) -> None:
+    def __init__(
+        self, srcdir: str | os.PathLike[str], source_suffix: Iterable[str]
+    ) -> None:
         #: Source directory.
         self.srcdir = _StrPath(srcdir)
 
@@ -82,7 +84,9 @@ def discover(
                     self._docname_to_path[docname] = path
                 else:
                     logger.warning(
-                        __('Ignored unreadable document %r.'), filename, location=docname
+                        __('Ignored unreadable document %r.'),
+                        filename,
+                        location=docname,
                     )
 
         return self.docnames
diff --git a/sphinx/roles.py b/sphinx/roles.py
index fbc322dcf5b..182e2c0da24 100644
--- a/sphinx/roles.py
+++ b/sphinx/roles.py
@@ -167,7 +167,11 @@ def process_link(
         return title, ws_re.sub(' ', target)
 
     def result_nodes(
-        self, document: nodes.document, env: BuildEnvironment, node: Element, is_ref: bool
+        self,
+        document: nodes.document,
+        env: BuildEnvironment,
+        node: Element,
+        is_ref: bool,
     ) -> tuple[list[Node], list[system_message]]:
         """Called before returning the finished nodes.  *node* is the reference
         node if one was created (*is_ref* is then true), else the content node.
@@ -211,7 +215,9 @@ def run(self) -> tuple[list[Node], list[system_message]]:
 
         try:
             refuri = self.build_uri()
-            reference = nodes.reference('', '', internal=False, refuri=refuri, classes=['pep'])
+            reference = nodes.reference(
+                '', '', internal=False, refuri=refuri, classes=['pep']
+            )
             if self.has_explicit_title:
                 reference += nodes.strong(self.title, self.title)
             else:
@@ -246,7 +252,9 @@ def run(self) -> tuple[list[Node], list[system_message]]:
 
         try:
             refuri = self.build_uri()
-            reference = nodes.reference('', '', internal=False, refuri=refuri, classes=['rfc'])
+            reference = nodes.reference(
+                '', '', internal=False, refuri=refuri, classes=['rfc']
+            )
             if self.has_explicit_title:
                 reference += nodes.strong(self.title, self.title)
             else:
diff --git a/sphinx/theming.py b/sphinx/theming.py
index b132c8bcd24..6d9986ba3c2 100644
--- a/sphinx/theming.py
+++ b/sphinx/theming.py
@@ -293,7 +293,9 @@ def _load_theme_with_ancestors(
     return themes, theme_dirs, tmp_dirs
 
 
-def _load_theme(name: str, theme_path: str, /) -> tuple[str, str, str | None, _ConfigFile]:
+def _load_theme(
+    name: str, theme_path: str, /
+) -> tuple[str, str, str | None, _ConfigFile]:
     if path.isdir(theme_path):
         # already a directory, do nothing
         tmp_dir = None
@@ -371,7 +373,9 @@ def _convert_theme_toml(cfg: _ThemeToml, /) -> _ConfigFile:
     pygments_table = theme.get('pygments_style', {})
     if isinstance(pygments_table, str):
         hint = f'pygments_style = {{ default = "{pygments_table}" }}'
-        msg = __('The "theme.pygments_style" setting must be a table. Hint: "%s"') % hint
+        msg = (
+            __('The "theme.pygments_style" setting must be a table. Hint: "%s"') % hint
+        )
         raise ThemeError(msg)
     pygments_style_default: str | None = pygments_table.get('default')
     pygments_style_dark: str | None = pygments_table.get('dark')
@@ -401,15 +405,23 @@ def _validate_theme_conf(cfg: configparser.RawConfigParser, name: str) -> str:
 
 def _convert_theme_conf(cfg: configparser.RawConfigParser, /) -> _ConfigFile:
     if stylesheet := cfg.get('theme', 'stylesheet', fallback=''):
-        stylesheets: tuple[str, ...] | None = tuple(map(str.strip, stylesheet.split(',')))
+        stylesheets: tuple[str, ...] | None = tuple(
+            map(str.strip, stylesheet.split(','))
+        )
     else:
         stylesheets = None
     if sidebar := cfg.get('theme', 'sidebars', fallback=''):
-        sidebar_templates: tuple[str, ...] | None = tuple(map(str.strip, sidebar.split(',')))
+        sidebar_templates: tuple[str, ...] | None = tuple(
+            map(str.strip, sidebar.split(','))
+        )
     else:
         sidebar_templates = None
-    pygments_style_default: str | None = cfg.get('theme', 'pygments_style', fallback=None)
-    pygments_style_dark: str | None = cfg.get('theme', 'pygments_dark_style', fallback=None)
+    pygments_style_default: str | None = cfg.get(
+        'theme', 'pygments_style', fallback=None
+    )
+    pygments_style_dark: str | None = cfg.get(
+        'theme', 'pygments_dark_style', fallback=None
+    )
     options = dict(cfg.items('options')) if cfg.has_section('options') else {}
     return _ConfigFile(
         stylesheets=stylesheets,
diff --git a/sphinx/versioning.py b/sphinx/versioning.py
index 8756fabe4ba..506d7b5753d 100644
--- a/sphinx/versioning.py
+++ b/sphinx/versioning.py
@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@ def add_uids(doctree: Node, condition: Callable[[Node], bool]) -> Iterator[Node]
         yield node
 
 
-def merge_doctrees(old: Node, new: Node, condition: Callable[[Node], bool]) -> Iterator[Node]:
+def merge_doctrees(
+    old: Node, new: Node, condition: Callable[[Node], bool]
+) -> Iterator[Node]:
     """Merge the `old` doctree with the `new` one while looking at nodes
     matching the `condition`.
 
diff --git a/tests/test_environment/test_environment.py b/tests/test_environment/test_environment.py
index 82de5975877..7f24f0570e0 100644
--- a/tests/test_environment/test_environment.py
+++ b/tests/test_environment/test_environment.py
@@ -7,7 +7,12 @@
 
 from sphinx.builders.html import StandaloneHTMLBuilder
 from sphinx.builders.latex import LaTeXBuilder
-from sphinx.environment import CONFIG_CHANGED, CONFIG_EXTENSIONS_CHANGED, CONFIG_NEW, CONFIG_OK
+from sphinx.environment import (
+    CONFIG_CHANGED,
+    CONFIG_EXTENSIONS_CHANGED,
+    CONFIG_NEW,
+    CONFIG_OK,
+)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='basic')
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_docstrings.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_docstrings.py
index 813e84e975e..ed194fedb22 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_docstrings.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_docstrings.py
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 """Test sphinx.util.docstrings."""
 
-from sphinx.util.docstrings import prepare_commentdoc, prepare_docstring, separate_metadata
+from sphinx.util.docstrings import (
+    prepare_commentdoc,
+    prepare_docstring,
+    separate_metadata,
+)
 
 
 def test_separate_metadata():
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_docutils_sphinx_directive.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_docutils_sphinx_directive.py
index 8f5ab3f8e38..f47cfc27e35 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_docutils_sphinx_directive.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_docutils_sphinx_directive.py
@@ -4,7 +4,12 @@
 
 from docutils import nodes
 from docutils.parsers.rst.languages import en as english  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-from docutils.parsers.rst.states import Inliner, RSTState, RSTStateMachine, state_classes
+from docutils.parsers.rst.states import (
+    Inliner,
+    RSTState,
+    RSTStateMachine,
+    state_classes,
+)
 from docutils.statemachine import StringList
 
 from sphinx.util.docutils import SphinxDirective, new_document
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_inspect.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_inspect.py
index 9ddab510b99..3d14becfe04 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_inspect.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_inspect.py
@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@
 import pytest
 
 from sphinx.util import inspect
-from sphinx.util.inspect import TypeAliasForwardRef, TypeAliasNamespace, stringify_signature
+from sphinx.util.inspect import (
+    TypeAliasForwardRef,
+    TypeAliasNamespace,
+    stringify_signature,
+)
 from sphinx.util.typing import stringify_annotation
 
 
diff --git a/utils/babel_runner.py b/utils/babel_runner.py
index 3bba578d8bf..63a68d9f866 100644
--- a/utils/babel_runner.py
+++ b/utils/babel_runner.py
@@ -183,7 +183,9 @@ def run_compile() -> None:
             catalogue = read_po(infile, locale=locale.name)
 
         if catalogue.fuzzy:
-            log.info('catalogue %s is marked as fuzzy, skipping', po_file.relative_to(ROOT))
+            log.info(
+                'catalogue %s is marked as fuzzy, skipping', po_file.relative_to(ROOT)
+            )
             continue
 
         locale_errors = 0
@@ -250,7 +252,9 @@ def run_compile() -> None:
         _write_pr_body_line('## Babel catalogue errors')
         _write_pr_body_line('')
         for locale_name, err_count in total_errors.items():
-            log.error('error: %d errors encountered in %r locale.', err_count, locale_name)
+            log.error(
+                'error: %d errors encountered in %r locale.', err_count, locale_name
+            )
             s = 's' if err_count != 1 else ''
             _write_pr_body_line(f'* {locale_name}: {err_count} error{s}')
 
diff --git a/utils/bump_version.py b/utils/bump_version.py
index 826fc4a782d..81824fc0a1c 100755
--- a/utils/bump_version.py
+++ b/utils/bump_version.py
@@ -80,7 +80,9 @@ def parse_version(version: str) -> VersionInfo:
     raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
 
-def bump_version(path: Path, version_info: VersionInfo, in_develop: bool = True) -> None:
+def bump_version(
+    path: Path, version_info: VersionInfo, in_develop: bool = True
+) -> None:
     if in_develop or version_info.is_final:
         version = version_info.version
     else:
@@ -150,7 +152,9 @@ def add_release(self, version_info: VersionInfo) -> None:
 
     @staticmethod
     def filter_empty_sections(body: str) -> str:
-        return re.sub('^\n.+\n-{3,}\n+(?=\n.+\n[-=]{3,}\n)', '', body, flags=re.MULTILINE)
+        return re.sub(
+            '^\n.+\n-{3,}\n+(?=\n.+\n[-=]{3,}\n)', '', body, flags=re.MULTILINE
+        )
 
 
 class Skip(Exception):