CI: use ubuntu:24.04 and gcc-13 for other builds

The `test_physics` test case has either a precision issue or a race
condition for the dephasing test when compiling with `gcc-12`.
This issue isn't present with `gcc-13` and `gcc-14`.

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -491,13 +491,13 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         include:
           - configuration: "single-precision"
-            os: ubuntu-22.04
+            os: ubuntu-24.04
           - configuration: "single-precision"
             os: macos-13
           - configuration: "single-precision"
             os: windows-2022
           - configuration: "pinning-and-defects"
-            os: ubuntu-22.04
+            os: ubuntu-24.04
     env:
       BUILD_TYPE: Release
       CMAKE_FLAGS: >
@@ -515,18 +515,18 @@ jobs:
     - name: 📚 Install python packages
       run: pip install --user numpy
 
-    - name: Force upgrade to gcc-12 on Ubuntu 22.04
-      if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-22.04'
+    - name: Force install of gcc-13 on Ubuntu 24.04
+      if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-24.04'
       shell: bash
       run: |
         sudo apt-get update
         sudo apt-get --purge remove -y "g++*"
-        sudo apt-get install -y g++-12
-        sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-12 10
-        sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-12 10
+        sudo apt-get install -y g++-13
+        sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-13 10
+        sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-13 10
 
     - name: 📚 Install required system packages
-      if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-22.04'
+      if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-24.04'
       run: |
         sudo apt-get update
         sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libglu1-mesa-dev libgtk-3-dev