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PML-Syntax-Guide.html
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PML-Syntax-Guide.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
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<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.18">
<meta name="author" content="Tristano Ajmone">
<title>PML 2.3.0 Syntax Guide</title>
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</head>
<body class="book toc2 toc-left">
<div id="header">
<h1>PML 2.3.0 Syntax Guide</h1>
<div class="details">
<span id="author" class="author">Tristano Ajmone</span><br>
<span id="email" class="email"><<a href="mailto:tajmone@gmail.com">tajmone@gmail.com</a>></span><br>
<span id="revnumber">ed. 0.1.3,</span>
<span id="revdate">2022-05-11</span>
<br><span id="revremark">WIP Draft</span>
</div>
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#syntax_overview">I: Syntax Overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#case_sensitivity">1. Case Sensitivity</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#tags_attributes_and_preset_values">1.1. Tags, Attributes and Preset Values</a></li>
<li><a href="#hexadecimal_unicode_escapes">1.2. Hexadecimal Unicode Escapes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#lenient_parsing">2. Lenient Parsing</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#lenient-uncontrained">2.1. Unconstrained Attributes</a></li>
<li><a href="#lenient-implicit">2.2. Implicit Default Attribute</a></li>
<li><a href="#lenient-uncontrained-implicit">2.3. Unconstrained Implicit Default Attribute</a></li>
<li><a href="#empty_attributes_list">2.4. Empty Attributes List</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#appendices">II: Appendices</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#pml_breaking_changes">Appendix A: PML Breaking Changes</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#pml_2_3_0">A.1. PML 2.3.0</a></li>
<li><a href="#pml_2_0_0">A.2. PML 2.0.0</a></li>
<li><a href="#pml_1_4_0">A.3. PML 1.4.0</a></li>
<li><a href="#pml_1_3_0">A.4. PML 1.3.0</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document provides guidelines for developers of PML syntaxe definitions for code highlighters and editor/IDE plug-ins.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock warning">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-warning" title="Warning"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document is still a work-in-progress draft!</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Furthermore, the PML syntax highlighter is not yet completed, therefore PML code examples might not be properly coloured.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="introduction"><a class="anchor" href="#introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>PML (Practical Markup Language) is a
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language" title="Wikipedia page 'Lightweight markup language'" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lightweight markup language (LML)</a>
designed to simplify the creation of complex documents using a simple markup notation and plain-text source files, enabling collaborative editing on documentation projects via version control tools like Git, SVN, Fossil, etc.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>While the PML notation is simple and easy to learn, it’s also very powerful and extensible via the declaration of custom nodes.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document explores the PML syntax in depth, with the goal of providing guidelines for developers who are planning to write a PML syntax definition for code highlighters or editors and IDEs plug-ins.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Although the official PML documentation (the
<a href="https://www.pml-lang.dev/docs/user_manual/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>PML User Manual</em></a>
and the
<a href="https://www.pml-lang.dev/docs/reference_manual/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>PML Reference Manual</em></a>)
is exhaustive from an end-user point of view, when it comes to implementing a PML syntax for highlighters, editors and IDEs it fails to provide the minute details required by the task — especially for RegEx-based syntax definitions, which are limited by the “one line at the time” operational context, which requires careful planning and workarounds to handle syntax constructs that can span multiple lines.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Unlike real parsers (such as found in
<a href="https://microsoft.github.io/language-server-protocol/" title="Language Server Protocol website" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LSP</a>
language servers or
<a href="https://tree-sitter.github.io/tree-sitter/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tree-sitter</a>
grammars) most editors either adopt a custom format for custom grammars (usually based on token lists and RegExs definitions) or adopt a notation inspired by
<a href="https://macromates.com/manual/en/language_grammars" title="TextMate 1.5.1 Manual: §12. Language Grammars" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TextMate grammars</a>
(e.g. VSCode, Atom, Sublime Text, and others).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The TextMate grammars format has gained traction because it introduced an extensible scopes naming convention on top of a RegEx-based definitions system which is fairly easy to use for syntax implementers and simplifies the process of porting grammars across editors that adopt this format (whether via XML, JSON, YAML or any other representation).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Even though TextMate grammars operate via stack driven contexts, which allow handling individual syntax constructs in isolation, they still suffer from the limitation of the “one line at the time” operational context, and lack variables support for tracking states — i.e. they are fairly “dumb” and logic-less grammars.
Sublime Text 4 somehow improved on these limitation by introducing
<a href="https://www.sublimetext.com/docs/syntax.html#match_patterns" target="_blank" rel="noopener">context branching</a>
which allows backtracking to the last branching point when certain criteria are unmet, thus mitigating the limitations of the “one line at the time” operational context.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h1 id="syntax_overview" class="sect0"><a class="anchor" href="#syntax_overview"></a>I: Syntax Overview</h1>
<div class="openblock partintro">
<div class="content">
In this first part we’ll examine the PML syntax by itself — it’s characteristics, etc. — without focusing on the problems of creating syntax definitions for highlighters.
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="case_sensitivity"><a class="anchor" href="#case_sensitivity"></a>1. Case Sensitivity</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Case sensitivity plays an important role in PML since some elements are treated by the PMLC parser as case-sensitive, others as case-insensitive, and some constructs are partly case-sensitive and partly case-insensitive.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Developers of PML syntaxes need to be aware how to handle case sensitivity, especially when working with RegEx-based definitions.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="tags_attributes_and_preset_values"><a class="anchor" href="#tags_attributes_and_preset_values"></a>1.1. Tags, Attributes and Preset Values</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>PML’s native tags, attributes and attributes' preset values are all case sensitive.
In the following example, the <code>[doc</code> tag, <code>TOC_position</code> attribute and its preset value <code>top</code> need to be written with correct letter casing:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight" lang="pml"><code class="language-pml" data-lang="pml"><span class="nt">[doc</span><span class="w"> </span>(TOC_position=top)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Altering the case of a single letter would lead to PMLC failing to parse them and raising an error.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="hexadecimal_unicode_escapes"><a class="anchor" href="#hexadecimal_unicode_escapes"></a>1.2. Hexadecimal Unicode Escapes</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Hexadecimal values in Unicode escape sequences (i.e. the <code>hhhh</code>/<code>hhhhhhhh</code> part) are case insensitive, but not their trailing <code>\u</code> and <code>\U</code> prefixes, since the former (lowercase ‘u’) indicates a 4-digit Unicode escape (<code>\uhhhh</code>) whereas the latter (uppercase ‘u’) an 8-digit escape (<code>\Uhhhhhhhh</code>):</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The 4-digit escapes <code>\u272a</code> and <code>\u272A</code> both represent the ✪ symbol.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The 8-digit escapes <code>\U0001f52f</code> and <code>\U0001F52F</code> both represent the 🔯 symbol.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="lenient_parsing"><a class="anchor" href="#lenient_parsing"></a>2. Lenient Parsing</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>PML v2.0.0 introduced advanced
<a href="https://www.pml-lang.dev/docs/user_manual/index.html#lenient_parsing" title="PML User Manual » Lenient Parsing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lenient parsing</a>
features for nodes attributes.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to document lenient parsing we’ll need to assign arbitrary names to these features in order to reference and distinguish them, since the official documentation doesn’t provide us any terminology to this end.</p>
</div>
<div class="hdlist">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="hdlist1">
<a href="#lenient-uncontrained">Unconstrained Attributes</a>
</td>
<td class="hdlist2">
<p>No parenthesis around attributes of childless nodes.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="hdlist1">
<a href="#lenient-implicit">Implicit Default Attribute</a>
</td>
<td class="hdlist2">
<p>If an attributes list begins with a value, it’s implicitly assigned to the node’s default attribute.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="hdlist1">
<a href="#lenient-uncontrained-implicit">Unconstrained Implicit Default</a>
</td>
<td class="hdlist2">
<p>Childless-nodes with a default attribute can benefit from both of the above lenient parsing rules.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="lenient-uncontrained"><a class="anchor" href="#lenient-uncontrained"></a>2.1. Unconstrained Attributes</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Parenthesis around attributes can be omitted in childless nodes since the parser is not expecting any further contents.
We’ll name this type of lenient parsing “unconstrained” since it frees the attributes list from being enclosed in the mandatory parenthesis.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This applies to all childless nodes that support attributes (12 nodes):</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>[audio</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>[code</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>[html</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>[image</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>[input</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>[insert_code</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>[link</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>[output</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>[table_data</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>[video</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>[xref</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>[youtube_video</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight" lang="pml"><code class="language-pml" data-lang="pml"><span class="nt">[image</span><span class="w"> </span>(source=apple.png<span class="w"> </span>width=400)<span class="nt">]</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>may be shortened to</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight" lang="pml"><code class="language-pml" data-lang="pml"><span class="nt">[image</span><span class="w"> </span>source=apple.png<span class="w"> </span>width=400<span class="nt">]</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="lenient-implicit"><a class="anchor" href="#lenient-implicit"></a>2.2. Implicit Default Attribute</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When the first attribute in the list is the default attribute of that node, both the attribute and the <code>=</code> sign can be omitted since the value will be implicitly assigned.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This applies to all nodes that have a default attributes (currently, just one node):</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>[image</code> → <code>source</code> attribute.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight" lang="pml"><code class="language-pml" data-lang="pml"><span class="nt">[image</span><span class="w"> </span>(source=apple.png<span class="w"> </span>width=400)<span class="nt">]</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>may be shortened to</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight" lang="pml"><code class="language-pml" data-lang="pml"><span class="nt">[image</span><span class="w"> </span>(apple.png<span class="w"> </span>width=400)<span class="nt">]</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="lenient-uncontrained-implicit"><a class="anchor" href="#lenient-uncontrained-implicit"></a>2.3. Unconstrained Implicit Default Attribute</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Childless-nodes that have a default attributes can apply both the previous lenient parsing rules — i.e. their attributes unconstrained by parentheses and omitting the default attribute ID an the <code>=</code> sign for the default attribute at the start of the lists.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This applies to all childless-nodes that have a default attributes (currently, just one node):</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>[image</code> → <code>source</code> attribute.</p>
</li>