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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
<title>Abstract</title>
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<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>Students in a biology curriculum at the University of Mons learn to use R, RStudio, git and GitHub in their data science courses. The flipped classroom approach is used since 2018; students discover by themselves new concepts using online course material (<a href="https://wp.sciviews.org">https://wp.sciviews.org</a>) at home. Then they apply the new concepts in the classroom on biological datasets in individual or group projects hosted on GitHub (<a href="https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course">https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course</a>).</p>
<p>{learnr} tutorials are used for a smooth transition between the theory at home and practice in the classroom. Students self-assess their conceptual understanding thanks to these tutorials with or without guided feedback using {gradethis}. {learnitdown} (<a href="https://www.sciviews.org/learnitdown/">https://www.sciviews.org/learnitdown/</a>) is used to manage students identity and to record their activity in a MongoDB database.</p>
<p>Students in the first course are more perseverant when guided feedback is available, translating in a significant increase in the number of attempts per question. In the second course, their perseverance was already high without the guided feedback, which exhibits thus a more limited effect.</p>
<p>Perception of the workload in the tutorials is quantified using a Raw Task load index (NASA-LTX questionnaire). This index could be used as one of the indicators to check the improvement of the tutorials in the future.</p>
<h3>Keywords</h3>
<p>data science class, flipped classroom, learnr, gradethis, learnitdown</p>
<h2>Findings</h2>
<p>Number of regular students, tutorials, questions and recorded events during the last two years are presented in the next table.</p>
<table><thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">Course</th>
<th align="left">Academic year</th>
<th align="right">Users</th>
<th align="right">Learnr</th>
<th align="right">Questions</th>
<th align="right">Events</th>
</tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">BioDataScience I</td>
<td align="left">2019-2020</td>
<td align="right">44</td>
<td align="right">22</td>
<td align="right">280</td>
<td align="right">57003</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">BioDataScience I</td>
<td align="left">2020-2021</td>
<td align="right">50</td>
<td align="right">25</td>
<td align="right">239</td>
<td align="right">103389</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">BioDataScience II</td>
<td align="left">2019-2020</td>
<td align="right">31</td>
<td align="right">8</td>
<td align="right">93</td>
<td align="right">17730</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">BioDataScience II</td>
<td align="left">2020-2021</td>
<td align="right">37</td>
<td align="right">13</td>
<td align="right">146</td>
<td align="right">37875</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">BioDataScience III</td>
<td align="left">2020-2021</td>
<td align="right">26</td>
<td align="right">7</td>
<td align="right">44</td>
<td align="right">8621</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>The learnr tutorials analysed in the present study are available in GitHub:</p>
<ul>
<li> BioDataScience1 (<a href="https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course/BioDataScience1">https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course/BioDataScience1</a>)</li>
<li> BioDataScience2 (<a href="https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course/BioDataScience2">https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course/BioDataScience2</a>)</li>
<li> BioDataScience3 (<a href="https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course/BioDataScience3">https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course/BioDataScience3</a>)</li>
</ul>
<p>{{<figure src="attempts-1.png" >}}</p>
<p>The comparison with and without guided feedback does not show significant differences in number of attempts per exercise except for the Biodatascience I course (Wilcoxon independent test, W = 33, p-value = 2e-16). Guided feedback induces a behaviour change: students gave up sooner without them.</p>
<h3>Perceived workload</h3>
<p>The NASA-LTX indicator is composed of six questions on a Likert scale to quantify the perceived workload to complete a tutorial [@hart1988development]. The questions concern mental load, physical load, time pressure, expected success, effort required, and frustration experienced during the accomplishment of the task. The average value for the six questions constitutes a Raw Task Load indeX (RTLX) [@byers1989traditional].</p>
<p>{{<figure src="rtlx-1.png" >}}</p>
<p>Despite the increased difficulty of the exercises from one course to the other, RTLX indicator for Biodatascience III is significantly lower than for Biodatascience I (Tukey HSD, p-value = 0.023). We hypothesise that students are more used to the {learnr} tutorials as well as, R coding required to solve the exercises. Consequently, global workload is perceived as lighter. These RTLX measurements are meant to be a reference point for the following years: any future improvements in the tutorials should lead to similar or lower RTLX.</p>
<p>The combination of {learnr}, {gradethis} and {learnitdown} provides a powerful tool to self-assess learning in data science. Students first exposed to {learnr} tutorials also benefit from additional guided feedback with {gradethis}. We propose to use the RTLX index as a mean to assess perceived difficulties and work required to complete these tutorials.</p>
<h3><strong>Availability of supporting source code and requirements</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li> Project home pages: <a href="https://www.sciviews.org/learnitdown/">https://www.sciviews.org/learnitdown/</a>, <a href="https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course/BioDataScience1">https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course/BioDataScience1</a>, <a href="https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course/BioDataScience2">https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course/BioDataScience2</a>, <a href="https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course/BioDataScience3">https://github.com/BioDataScience-Course/BioDataScience3</a></li>
<li> Operating systems: Platform independent</li>
<li> Programming language: R</li>
<li> Other requirements: R 4.0.5 or higher, learnr 0.10.1.9008 or higher , gradethis, learnitdown 1.3.0 or higher</li>
</ul>
<h3>Data availability</h3>
<p>The data will be opened shortly.</p>
<h3>References</h3>
</body>
</html>