Di_tr0q_G4k.srt

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Hello everyone.
Today we're going to focus on the 

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languages of Singapore.
Singapore has one of the few remaining 

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city states in the world located in 
Southeast Asia at the tip of the Malay 

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Peninsula.
The archipelago that makes up Singapore 

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is just a stone's throw away from 
peninsular.

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Malaysia separated from it by the 
streets of Johor.

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Despite being one of the smallest 
countries in the world.

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Singapore is a culturally and 
linguistically diverse place and as one 

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of the world's leading financial 
centers,

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it continues to attract immigrants and 
ex patriots from around the world.

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Singapore was originally a molay trading
port called Tomasek around the 14th 

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century and later became known as single
Pooda.

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It eventually fell into obscurity until 
it was established as a British trading 

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colony in 1819 from 1963 to 1965 
Singapore briefly became part of the new

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federation of Malaysia,
which was formed from former British 

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colonies in the region.

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It then became independent in 1965 while
under British rule,

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Singapore had a free trade policy which 
attracted Chinese traders and laborers 

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from Malaysia and China and Chinese grew
to become the majority of the 

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population.
Also,

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Singapore and India were under British 
rule at the same time,

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which led to a flow of migrants from 
India.

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Today,
and for most of Singapore's history,

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ethnic Indians have formed the third 
largest ethnic group in Singapore after 

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Chinese and malaise.
Singapore has four official languages 

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that were chosen to represent the 
largest ethnic groups in the country at 

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the time that the constitution was 
written.

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First English,
due to Singapore's history as a British 

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colony,
Mandarin Chinese to unite the large 

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Chinese population molay which doubles 
as the national language of Singapore 

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because it's the language of the 
indigenous population and Tamil to 

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represent the Indian population of 
Singapore on an administrative level.

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The unofficial Lingua Franca of the 
country is English,

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and it serves as the main language of 
instruction in schools.

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The language of the justice system and 
the language of business.

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The vast majority of Singapore ends are 
bilingual as a result of the country's 

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education policy with 73.2%
of the population identifying as 

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bilingual or multilingual.
All Singaporeans are now mainly educated

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in English,
but they're also required to take 

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courses in the mother tongue that 
corresponds to their ethnic background 

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that so-called mother tongue doesn't 
necessarily correspond to the student's 

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native language and it's better to think
of it as a heritage language.

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Mandarin is the mother tongue assigned 
to students of Chinese background,

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even though the students family might 
use a different Chinese language or 

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English at home.
Similarly,

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Tamil is the mother tongue,
a scientist,

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students of Indian background,
even though they may speak a different 

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Indian language or English at home and 
Molay is the mother tongue assigned to 

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students molay background,
even though some may speak English or 

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another language at home.

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Now,
let's take a look at each of the four 

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official languages.
English,

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the official language most commonly 
spoken at home is English with 

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approximately 36.9%
of the resident population speaking it 

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as their first language with the rest of
the population.

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Having some level of fluency.
There are very few Singaporeans who 

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speak no English and amongst the younger
generation,

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basically everybody speaks it fluently.
English was made the main language of 

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school instruction in all government 
schools beginning in 1987 before that,

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different schools offered instruction in
different mother tongues,

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immigrants and ex pats aside.
There are two basic forms of English 

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that are used in Singapore.
First standards,

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Singaporean English,
which is based on the conventions of 

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British English,
but it's spoken with a uniquely 

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Singaporean accent and an English creole
known academically as colloquial 

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Singaporean English and more popularly 
known as singlish.

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The standard form of the language is 
highly promoted by the government of 

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Singapore through state sponsored 
programs such as the speak good English 

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movement that was specifically started 
in order to curb the use of English.

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But why do they care if people use 
singlish?

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Well,
I suppose that's because they want 

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people to use a form of English that can
successfully be used in academic and 

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professional situations.
But speaking singlish doesn't mean that 

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you can't speak standard English.
Standard English and singlish exist 

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along a socio elect continuum meaning 
that the form of English used depends on

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the social context.
In the most formal situations people use

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standard English and in the most 
informal situations they might use pure 

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singlish and they often mix them to 
varying degrees depending on the level 

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of formality of the situation.
Singlish is topic prominent like Chinese

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or Japanese and as such many sentences,
we'll begin by mentioning the topic of 

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the sentence first.
Other noticeable features are that the 

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use of the plural form of nouns as well 
as articles and the verb to be are all 

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optional and also the grammatical 
subject can be dropped if it's clear 

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from the context.
Here are a couple of examples of 

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singlish

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our drawings,
those impact how to pass

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and in standard English something like 
how can we get good marks with such a 

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simple drawing.
In this sentence we see topic prominence

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with the topic placed at the beginning 
of the sentence

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still got heading

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and in standard English I've still got a
headache.

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In this sentence,
you can see that the subject isn't 

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included and there's also no auxiliary 
verb and there's no indefinite article.

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The Nisha already law

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in this sentence,
the subject isn't included,

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so you would only know who or what has 
finished from the context of the 

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previous sentences and notice the word 
at the end of the sentence.

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La.
This word emphasizes a statement or 

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assertion.
There are other similar words that show 

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uncertainty or indicate that you're 
asking a question.

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These words are borrowed from varieties 
of Chinese like Hokkien and in fact,

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many of the features of singlish are in 
those Chinese varieties.

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And one more example that you can rise 
restaurant over there.

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See Bait the Kong,
their food dye dye must try in standard 

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English.
That chicken rice restaurant over there 

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has amazingly good food.
We've got to try it.

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If it's the last thing we do,
this first sentence starts off like 

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standard English,
but then we see this phrase here,

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seabed topcon.
Topcon is a phrase from Hokkien which 

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means very good and CBA is an 
intensifier with the somewhat grim 

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etymology.

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In the second sentence,
you see the topic placed at the 

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beginning again and there's no subject 
in the sentence because it's clear from 

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the context and then we have this unique
adverbial phrase die,

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die.
Even though the use of singlish is 

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discouraged by the government,
that doesn't really mean that it's on 

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the decline.
In fact,

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to many people,
English has become a source of local 

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pride and identity and just as there 
have been attempts to stamp it out into 

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diminish its use,
there has also been a significant amount

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of pushback from locals who want to 
prevent it from disappearing completely 

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mandarin after English.
The second most commonly used language 

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at home is Mandarin Chinese,
which is used by around 34.9%

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of the resident population as a first 
language.

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But if we add to that,
all of the other varieties of Chinese,

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which are around 12.2%
of the population than Chinese,

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comprises the largest language group in 
Singapore.

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But to be clear,
that's a group of languages,

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not just one language.
Before the Constitution of Singapore was

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written.
Both Mandarin and Hokkien functioned as 

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Lingua Franca for the diverse Chinese 
community.

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When the constitution was written in 
1965 the government chose Mandarin in 

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order to officially unite the population
and then in 1979 the government led by 

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Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew started the 
now annual speak Mandarin campaign to 

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continuously promote the use and 
learning of the language instead of 

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other Chinese languages.
This has resulted in an increase in the 

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number of mandarin speakers and a 
decrease in the number of speakers of 

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other Chinese languages and I guess that
was exactly the intention of that 

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program.
The form of Mandarin used in Singapore 

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very closely follows the conventions of 
the mandarin used in China and Taiwan.

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However,
just as with English,

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Mandarin and Singapore has not been able
to avoid the influence of other 

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languages and has developed a socio 
elekta continuum just as English has.

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On opposite ends of the spectrum,
you have standard mandarin and sing 

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Durham or colloquial Singaporean 
mandarin sing.

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Dorin is a result of the wide adoption 
of Mandarin by speakers of other Chinese

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languages,
as well as contact with languages of the

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other ethnic communities,
singer and seems to have some creole 

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elements as well as an element of code 
switching,

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especially with English.
The grammar is essentially mandarin with

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a lot of vocabulary borrowed from other 
Chinese languages,

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ballet as well as English and sometimes 
entire phrases or clauses or in English.

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Here are a couple of sentences in sing 
Durham Conan.

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Next week,
how's the whole woman tie an English?

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Maybe we can meet next week after I 
finished my exams.

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In this first sentence,
we see basically a mandarin sentence 

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with some English vocabulary taking the 
place of Mandarin words

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wait

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and English.
The weather today is too hot.

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I can't stand it.
In the second sentence we see an English

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word and then this word boy is a Hokkien
word,

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meaning cannot,
and this word [inaudible] Hahn is a 

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Malay word,
meaning tolerate.

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These two words often appear together in
this phrase,

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meaning something like,
I can't stand it.

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Other forms of Chinese spoken in 
Singapore apart from Mandarin and 

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Hokkien include guilt.
You Cantonese Haka and high knees,

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but the government's promotion of 
Mandarin is causing it to gradually 

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replace the others Malai.
The third most widely spoken of the four

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official languages is molay or Bahasa 
Melayu,

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which is spoken by around 10.7%
of the officially resident population.

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Malaya has also given special status as 
the national language of Singapore as a 

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result of this special status.
It's used in the national anthem in 

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military drills and on the Singaporean 
coat of arms.

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Malaysia and Singapore in its standard 
form is essentially the same as standard

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molay as used in Malaysia and in Brunei.
In addition to standard Molay,

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there's also a molay creole called Baba 
Malai or Peranakan Malai,

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which is endangered,
but it's still spoken fluently by some 

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older people.
The peranakan are the descendants of 

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settlers who married local malaise.
This contact of cultures resulted in a 

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creole language with mostly malave 
vocabulary,

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but with influence of Chinese grammar.
There's another similar form of molay 

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called Bazaar Malaysia or Malaya Pasada,
a pigeon form of my leg,

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which has no native speakers.
Decades ago when English was less widely

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spoken.
Bazaar molay often functioned as a 

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Lingua Franca.
It's now spoken mainly by some older 

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Singaporeans.
Here's an example of bazaar millay.

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I'll give you a sentence.
Meaning when a Singaporean,

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here's where goods are cheap,
he goes there first in Standard Malaya 

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[inaudible] Monday,
Nada,

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10 Dung,
Tim Pat,

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young men pony I baton Woulda,
[inaudible] huggy Kissy to a more or 

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less direct translation into English 
would be when person of Singapore.

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Here's about place that has cheap goods.
He will go to there next in bazaar,

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Millay Singapore up when you're done 
telling a dia de God man,

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a young bud,
Buddha,

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the buggy,
uh,

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more or less direct translation of this 
would be Singapore's person.

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His ear here,
where that goods cheap,

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he goes in the bazaar millay sentence,
the word for when is absent and then we 

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see a different way of expressing 
Singaporean in standard molay.

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The word [inaudible],
meaning person comes first and the 

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modifying word single Pooda comes after 
in bazaar millay.

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The modifier Singapore comes before and 
followed by the modifying particle 

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Poonja.
This word exists in Standard Malaya and 

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means have an actually,
you can see it as the root of this word 

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right here and then Brunei.
But in bazaar molay it mimics this 

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Chinese modifying particle.
Let me point out one more difference in 

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the standard molay sentence.

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You see the word for here when the God,
but in Bazaar Molay you see Donato in 

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bazaar,
Millay affixes are often dropped and the

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word root is used instead.
Tamil,

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the least widely spoken of the four 
official languages is Tamil,

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uh,
dravidian language that is spoken 

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primarily in southern India and in some 
parts of Sri Lanka and has also spoken 

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by a significant minority in Malaysia.
It has approximately 70 million native 

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speakers worldwide.
In Singapore,

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9.1%
of the population is of Indian 

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background,
but only 3.3%

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speak Tamil as their main language at 
home.

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Many ethnic Indians speak English as 
their home language or another Indian 

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language or my lay.
At the time when Tamil was chosen as an 

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official language,
it was spoken by the majority of the 

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00:12:58,371 --> 00:12:59,204
Indian population of Singapore.
But the language has declined and has 

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00:13:02,301 --> 00:13:03,134
now learned as a second language by the 
majority of the Indian population since 

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it's still their assigned mother tongue.

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00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:11,073
This information we've discussed so far 
includes the so called resident 

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population which is comprised of both 
citizens and permanent residents of 

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Singapore.
The total resident population is about 

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00:13:21,351 --> 00:13:22,184
3.9
million but there's also a large non 

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00:13:24,381 --> 00:13:27,560
resident population of about 1.7
million people.

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The term non resident is misleading and 
you should think of them as non 

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permanent residents or as expatriates 
because we're not talking about 

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tourists.
These are people who do reside in 

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00:13:37,461 --> 00:13:40,520
Singapore having one of the freest 
economies in the world.

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00:13:40,550 --> 00:13:44,420
Singapore has attracted a large number 
of foreign companies and foreign workers

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00:13:44,421 --> 00:13:45,254
to its shores making Singapore a 
cosmopolitan business and finance hub 

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00:13:48,980 --> 00:13:51,830
where you can hear languages from all 
over the world being spoken.

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00:13:52,010 --> 00:13:52,843
The main Lingua Franca used amongst 
these diverse groups of people is 

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00:13:55,491 --> 00:13:56,324
English with Mandarin.
Also serving as a Lingua Franca for the 

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00:13:58,701 --> 00:13:59,534
Chinese community,
both residents and non resident with 

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00:14:01,851 --> 00:14:02,684
Singapore granting permanent residence 
and citizenship to new immigrants every 

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00:14:06,110 --> 00:14:06,260
year.

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00:14:06,260 --> 00:14:07,093
The linguistic situation there will 
certainly continue to be rich and 

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colorful and vibrant.
The question of the day for 

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00:14:13,281 --> 00:14:14,114
Singaporeans,
what languages do you regularly speak 

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00:14:16,700 --> 00:14:17,533
and in what situations do you use them?
And for other people living in 

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00:14:20,361 --> 00:14:21,194
Singapore,
what language do you use most often 

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00:14:23,001 --> 00:14:24,860
there?
If you speak English,

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00:14:24,950 --> 00:14:28,490
what has been your experience with 
Singaporean English and singlish?

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00:14:29,110 --> 00:14:31,420
Be sure to follow Lang,
focus on facebook,

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00:14:31,421 --> 00:14:32,890
twitter,
and instagram.

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00:14:32,980 --> 00:14:33,813
And once again,
thank you to all of my amazing patrion 

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00:14:35,891 --> 00:14:36,724
supporters,
especially these ones right here on the 

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00:14:38,321 --> 00:14:40,930
screen.
They are my top tier patrion supporters.

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00:14:41,020 --> 00:14:43,930
So many thanks to them once again and to
all of you,

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00:14:43,990 --> 00:14:46,840
thank you for watching and have a nice 
day.

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00:14:50,670 --> 00:14:55,670
Okay.
Yeah.