K3IImGiiY1Q.srt

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Hi there.

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Licensee,
Deutsche,

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Deutsche.
No,

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sorry,
I don't speak Dutch.

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Hello language,
enthusiastic.

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Welcome to the Lange Focus Channel and 
my name is Paul.

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Today I'm going to talk about the German
language.

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German is a very important language that
deserves all of our attention.

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It is spoken by $95 million native 
speakers mainly in central Europe,

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but it's also spoken by an additional 10
to $15 million second language speakers,

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especially in eastern Europe.
It is the majority language and an 

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official language in Germany of course,
but also Austria,

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Switzerland,
Liechtenstein and the south tyrol region

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of northern Italy.
It's also an official language in 

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Luxembourg and Belgium,
but it's not a majority language there.

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German is the most widely spoken 
language in the European Union.

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It is also one of the most widely taught
languages in the world with between 75 

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and 100 million people.
Having studied it as a foreign language 

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in both the United States and in Europe,
it is the third most widely taught 

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foreign language.

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Did you know that one 10th of the 
world's books are published in German.

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German is also the second most widely 
used scientific language.

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I know some doctors and all of them have
some reading knowledge of German because

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so much scientific research has 
documented in German,

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so are you starting to get an idea of 
why German is important?

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German is a member of the West Germanic 
language family,

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which also includes Dutch,
Africans,

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Friesian,
English and Yiddish.

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The West Germanic languages are part of 
the wider Germanic language family.

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So let's take a look at the origins of 
the dramatic language family.

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Wait,
actually no,

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I did this in my last video,
so I'm just going to play that part 

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again while I go get a coffee and I'll 
be right back.

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All Germanic languages developed from 
Provo Germanic,

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which was spoken around 500 bce.
Protoje dramatic possibly originated in 

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Scandinavia,
and different varieties of Germanic 

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began to emerge with migration.
Runic inscriptions from the second 

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century ce show us that by that time,
pro dramatic had began to separate into 

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distinct western,
eastern and northern dialects.

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Oh,
sorry.

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Are you guys waiting for me?

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Well,
let's move on.

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The West dramatic dialects were probably
closely related enough to be mutually 

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intelligible until about the eighth 
century ce,

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but at that time something was happening
that would split their dramatic language

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family and give birth to the German 
language as we know it today.

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That was the hydromatic sounds shift or 
the hydromatic continental shift.

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Some west Germanic varieties underwent a
number of sound changes,

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nine consonants changed to be precise 
and this created two distinct groups of 

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Germanic dialect,
high German or Deutsche and low German 

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or plot doidge and just out of interest,
let me pronounce these words a different

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way.
High Deutsche and flat,

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which maybe there's a connection with 
English high German dialects arose in 

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the southern areas of Germany which are 
at a higher elevation.

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That's why they're called hydrogen.
The low German dialects existed in the 

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northern part of Germany at a lower 
elevation and also in the Netherlands.

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These terms do not refer to high end low
status,

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but rather to the elevation of the areas
they were spoken in,

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hydrogen can be further subdivided into 
two segments,

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upper German and central German.
So what were the sound changes that took

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place?
Well,

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let's take a look.
These consonant changes took place in 

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three stages.
In the first stage,

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these consonants changed.
Interval calendly,

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that means between vowel sounds,
the p sound that became a foot,

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this to sound became a sub,
and the sound became a cup.

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Here's an example for the English word.
For Sleep.

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In Low German it's sloppy,
but in German it's in the second stage.

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These continents changed at the 
beginning of a word and also in some 

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other context,
like if they are the second letter in a 

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double consonant or after an l or an r 
sound book became per foot like a p and 

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an f.

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together the sound became a son.
It sounds like a ts sound even though 

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it's written with a z and the sound 
became a like a k sound followed by cup.

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Here's an example for the English word 
Tame.

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In lower German it's tem,
but in high German it's,

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I'm in the third stage.
Three more consonants changed.

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The book sound became a Po that the 
sound became a ta in the sound became a 

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CCO.
Here's an example for the English word 

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for day in lower German,
it's f,

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but in high German it's talk.
Now all of these sound changes took 

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place in upper German,
in the south,

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but some of them didn't take place in 
central German and some of them didn't 

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take place in standard German,
but we'll get to standard German in a 

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minute.
So some of you might be thinking,

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well,
how did these sounds just switch.

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Well,
they didn't instantly switch.

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They gradually changed over a period of 
a few centuries,

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probably between the fifth century and 
18th century ce over the centuries,

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the dialect continuum of low German had 
high German grew more and more distinct 

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until there were varieties that were 
quite incomprehensible,

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so someone from the south in Bavaria 
would have trouble communicating with 

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someone from Hamburg in the north.
But of course that was before standard 

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German.
The dialects of low German are often 

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said to be a separate language from high
German and there are often sent to be 

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halfway between high German and Dutch.
Now the low German dialect actually 

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crosses the border into the eastern part
of the Netherlands where low German has 

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also spoken,
but these days the low German dialects 

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in the north of the country are mostly 
fading and basically only older people 

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speak them.
Younger people might understand them,

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but they tend to use standard German 
instead,

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but when did standard German come into 
the picture?

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Standard German,
which by the way is also called 

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Hochdeutsch in German,
so don't be confused between hydrogen 

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and standard German,
originated as a written literary 

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language that developed over a few 
hundred years as writers tried to write 

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in a way that would be understood by the
largest number of people possible from 

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different dialect areas,
but perhaps the most important factor in

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the development of standard German was 
the translation of the Bible into German

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by Martin Luther in the year 15,
22.

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He based his translation on the sex in 
dialect of central German,

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while including some vocabulary from 
other dialects as well.

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Virtually all speakers of German 
dialects owned a copy of the new Bible 

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and studied it effectively popularizing 
this form of written German.

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Originally there was no single way to 
pronounce this written form of German,

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but eventually the dialect of Hanover 
became the standard for pronunciation of

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standard German.

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Standard German includes some of the 
sounds of the High German continental 

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shift,
but not all of them because it was 

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influenced by the dialect of Hanover,
so standard German began as a written 

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language,
but as it became the language of 

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education,
it became more widespread as the formal 

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spoken language and it also influenced 
the local dialects.

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Today,
pretty much everyone can speak standard 

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German,
even if they speak a local dialect 

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casually and many local dialects have 
become largely replaced by standard 

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German,
especially the low German dialects in 

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the north of the country,
but there are still some dialects that 

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are quite distinct and still thriving 
like the Bavarian dialect in the South 

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East German is considered a plurry 
centric language.

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That means that there are multiple 
standard varieties of the language.

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There is one standard language in 
Germany,

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one in Australia and one in Switzerland.
All of these standard varieties are 

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pretty much the same except for some 
differing vocabulary,

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but of course those are the standard 
language of Switzerland and Austria and 

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also south to roll,
which is related to Austria,

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have their own dialects as well.

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The Austrian dialects or related to the 
Bavarian dialects in South East Germany 

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and the Swiss dialects are related to 
the element of dialects in southwest 

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Germany.
Maybe you saw my video about the 

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languages of Switzerland.
It's this one right here and in that 

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video I talked about how the Swiss 
German dialects are kind of 

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incomprehensible to speakers of standard
German unless they also speak in dialect

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from the border area,
but of course that's talking about the 

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Swiss German dialects.
Swiss Germans can speak standard German 

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even if they tend to use it less than 
people in Germany.

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Of course they might pronounce standard 
German with a different accent,

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but that's no big deal in Austria and 
south to roll.

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The situation is similar.
There are dialects that might be hard to

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understand for people from some other 
German speaking countries,

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but of course standard German is the 
bridge.

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These countries are all part of the 
German sprocket,

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Rome.

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Wow.
So which means the geographic area over 

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which that language is spoken,
and within that sprocket round standard 

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German is the doc sprocket.
That profit,

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that means the umbrella language under 
which all of those dialects can come 

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together.
Those two German terms I just used brock

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and are common linguistic terms and I 
think that shows just how much influence

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the German language has over academic 
areas of research like linguistics.

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So what is the German language like?
Well,

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it's closely related to English,
which is obvious when we look at the 

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most basic sentences.
Here's an example.

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I buy books often.

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It's cold for whole fish booster.
Each cow,

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Hoy who shot

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hear the word order is Svo,
like in English,

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except that the adverb comes before the 
object instead of after it.

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Here's another example with an important
twist.

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I will buy the book today.

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You've added a spool quite often each 
voucher,

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just calvin.

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In this case,
we see one of the most confusing things 

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for learners of German,
which is the placement of the second 

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verb at the end of the sentence.
So if there's a helping verb like will 

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or voucher,
it is in the normal Svo position,

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but the main verb goes at the end.
Another example,

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the book was interesting

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just via to the sun does va into the 
sand.

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And one more example,
I like people who work hard

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ish.
Mark mentioned to your hot button issue,

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mark mentioned the heart operation.

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Another thing that learners have German 
find challenging is the case system in 

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German,
in German pronouns and nouns changed 

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form depending on their function in the 
sentence,

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but along with them,
the articles and adjectives also change.

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Here's an example of German grammatical 
cases using the now meaning table,

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the acting dean,
Trish just deem Tisha did.

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Tisha,
Tisha,

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yeah,
sure.

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You can see that the change takes place 
not only in the noun but also in the 

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definite article as well.
The word for table is a masculine nouns 

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in German,
but there are actually three genders in 

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German.
There are masculine nouns,

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feminine nouns and Neuter Nouns,
and for each of them,

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the case forms are different,
and all of these different forms also 

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apply to adjectives which drives 
learners crazy.

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So while German is closely related to 
English,

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the devil is in the details,
even though most of the other Germanic 

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languages are classified as category 
one.

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Languages by the Fsi,
German is classified as category two,

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it's closely related to English and they
have a lot in common in terms of the 

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general syntax and vocabulary,
but when it comes to the fine details of

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grammar,
there are some challenges for learners,

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but as always,
if you are interested in German speaking

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cultures and countries,
or if you would like to benefit from the

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widespread use of German,
then don't hesitate to start learning.

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All challenges become adventures when 
you become fascinated.

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The question of the day German speakers,
do you think there's anything unique or 

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special or interesting about your local 
variety of German and how do other 

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varieties of German sound to you?
Let us know in the comments down below 

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and everyone else jump in and let's 
discuss.

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Thank you for watching and have a nice.