LU6dL9FMeIU.srt

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Hello everyone,
welcome to the Lange Focus Channel and 

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my name is Paul.
Today's topic is the languages of South 

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Africa.
The Republic of South Africa covers much

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of the southern tip of the African 
continent and as a place where numerous 

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native African cultures as well as 
former colonial populations have 

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converged resulting in a state of true 
linguistic diversity.

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South Africa has 11 official languages 
that have been recognized in its 

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constitution since 1993.
If that seems like a lot to you,

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you're probably right.
South Africa is among the countries with

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the largest number of official languages
at the national level.

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Number one is actually neighboring 
Zimbabwe with 16 official languages,

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some of which are also official in South
Africa.

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These are the 11 official languages of 
South Africa in order of most spoken to 

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least spoken as a first language,
Zulu,

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Hosa,
Afrikaans,

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English,
northern Sudan,

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Swana,
southern Sudan,

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Tsonga,
Swazi,

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venda,
and in the ballet,

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over 99 percent of South Africans to 
speak one of these languages as a first 

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language.

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All of these languages are members of 
the southern through branch of the 

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Nigeria Congo language family,
with the exception of Afrikaans and 

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English,
which are Germanic languages,

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brought to the country by Europeans.
The Dutch first arrived in what is now 

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South Africa in 16,
Fifty two establishing the Cape colony 

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in the western portion of the country.
Also living in this area were native 

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Koyczan people and other Africans who 
spoke two languages.

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The British seized control of the Cape 
Colony in 18,

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15 and British settlers began to arrive.
The brewers,

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the descendants of the original Dutch 
settlers disliked many aspects of 

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British rule,
but one of them was the anglicization of

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the Cape Colony and the attempt to force
English on the horse as a medium of 

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instruction in schools.
They wanted to continue to use Dutch as 

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their medium of instruction and to 
continue speaking.

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They're distinct dialect of Dutch called
Cape Dutch,

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which would later evolve into Afrikaans.

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Boris began the great trek migrating 
inland and creating their own bore 

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republics in an area more densely 
populated with African tribes who spoke 

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two languages.
The British later took control of the 

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board republics and created the Union of
South Africa in 1910 that eventually led

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to the creation of the Republic of South
Africa.

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From that point on,
there were two official languages,

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English and Dutch,
but Dutch as spoken by the boers had 

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evolved into a distinct language called 
Afrikaans,

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which replaced Dutch as an official 
language in 1925.

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These two colonial languages became the 
prestige languages of South Africa and 

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Speakers of other languages.
Didn't really have any say in the 

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matter.
During the apartheid era,

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schools were segregated not only based 
on race,

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but also based on mother tongue.
Native speakers of English and Afrikaans

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were taught in their native language 
throughout their schooling.

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With second language instruction in the 
other official language,

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black South Africans were required to 
study in their mother tongue for most of

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their primary school years after which 
point then normally studied in English.

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But in 1974,
the apartheid government implemented a 

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new policy requiring instruction in 
black schools to be conducted in a 50 

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slash 50 split between English and 
Afrikaans.

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With the language of instruction,
depending on the course,

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this was implemented without consulting 
the black population in opposition to 

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this move led to the Soweto uprising of 
1976.

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Afrikaans was seen as the language of 
the oppressor.

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Since the apartheid government was 
dominated by white speakers of 

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Afrikaans,
while English was seen as a more 

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cosmopolitan language.
When apartheid ended in the early 19 

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nineties,
a new constitution was written that 

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added nine additional African languages 
as official languages in order to be 

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more inclusive of the entire population.
The education system now is based on 

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freedom of choice with every individual 
free to choose which of the 11 official 

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languages to be educated in for the 
first part of their schooling.

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As long as there's sufficient demand for
the school to provide it,

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that means that they don't have to study
in their mother tongue if they don't 

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want to.
Let's take a look at the map of South 

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Africa.
When apartheid was abolished,

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the four provinces of South Africa and 
the homelands enclaves for African 

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ethnic groups were abolished and nine 
new provinces were created.

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This map shows the most dominant 
languages in South Africa down to the 

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local level.
You can see that the 11 official 

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languages are clustered mainly in 
certain areas and may predominate in 

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certain provinces,
but they don't correspond exactly to 

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provincial borders.
You can see that Afrikaans predominates 

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in the West while the [inaudible] 
language is predominate in the east and 

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English predominates in South Africa's 
major urban centers.

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As you can see,
there's quite an intricate linguistic 

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situation in the eastern part of the 
country,

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so let's zoom in and look at the African
languages there.

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As I mentioned earlier,
the Non European languages of South 

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Africa are mainly members of the 
southern Bantu branch of the Niger Congo

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language family,
and these account for about 70 percent 

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of the population or around 40 million 
people.

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These southern through languages display
some features typical of the languages 

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in general.
They follow an Svo word order like 

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almost all Bantu through languages.
They're tonal and they're are largely a 

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gluten active and feature a large number
of affixes to nouns and verbs.

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Most Ben,
two languages do not have click sounds,

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but many of these southern Bantu 
language is due as a result of contact 

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with the Koyczan languages.
The nine main southern Bantu languages 

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of South Africa can be further 
categorized into three smaller 

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subdivisions,
the in Goonie languages,

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the languages and the Swat.
Ranga or someone,

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God group vendor forms its own group,
so there are actually four subdivisions 

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including this one.

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The goonie branch of the southern Bantu 
tree contains four of South Africa's 

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official languages,
Zulu,

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Olsa,
Swazi,

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and the belay.
The first two are the two most spoken 

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languages within South Africa as a first
language with Zulu representing 23 

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percent of the population and wholesale 
representing 16 percent of it.

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The other two on the other are spoken by
only two point five percent in two point

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one percent respectively.
Zulu is mainly spoken in Kwazulu,

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Natal,
and most of Puma Langa where Swazi and 

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in the belay are spoken as well.
Wholesale is the majority language of 

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the Eastern Cape,
but has communities have speakers in 

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other provinces as well as other 
official languages.

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Do the Goonie languages feature?
Click consonants.

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You can hear one of them in the name of 
the language.

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Actually,
this is the first time I've tried to 

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pronounce a click consonant,
so I may be pronouncing the name of the 

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language wrong from the point of view of
a native speaker,

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but I guess it's something like that 
whole song.

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All of the in Goonie languages are 
mutually intelligible to a large extent,

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so to Twana.
The second largest of the southern Bantu

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branches is the [inaudible] branch,
which has three languages within it.

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Northern [inaudible] representing nine 
point one percent of South Africa's 

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population Swana with eight percent and 
southern Sudan,

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or simply with seven point six percent.
Altogether.

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They represent just under a quarter of 
the population of South Africa,

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around 13 point 6 million people.
Each of these three languages serves as 

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the majority language in the province 
that it's most widely spoken in southern

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[inaudible] in the free state,
not in the northwest province,

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and there is also a significant 
population of speakers in the Northern 

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Cape with which it shares a border and 
to northern Sudan.

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In Limpopo,
southern [inaudible] contains click 

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consonants due to contact with an Goonie
languages.

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While some urban varieties of northern 
sue to have in recent times been 

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acquiring clicks as well,
it's one that uses some click sounds,

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but only in interjections and video 
phones on the metal,

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for example,
and like the Goonie languages,

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the Twana languages are generally 
mutually intelligible as well.

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Tsonga or Swati Rhondda,
although there are other languages 

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within this branch,
the only one that has official status is

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Tsonga.
Other languages of this group are 

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mutually intelligible and are oftentimes
considered part of the tone of the 

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language found in the northeast.
Most of the Tsongas speaking,

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people live in Limpopo or Puma Malanga.
Some features click sounds in just a few

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words.
Another interesting phonological feature

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is whistled sibilant consonants.
I haven't been able to find a sample 

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from Tonga,
but here's a sample of a similar sound 

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in the [inaudible] language

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vendor,
one of the less spoken of the official 

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languages in South Africa.
Venda comprises two point four percent 

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of the population or one point $3 
million speakers who are almost all 

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concentrated on the northern border of 
Limpopo near Zimbabwe where it's closest

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linguistic relatives.
Live vendor has no click.

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Sounds okay.
Afrikaans and English,

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the two Germanic languages of South 
Africa,

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Afrikaans and English or the third and 
fourth most spoken languages in the 

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country with 13,
five percent and nine point six percent 

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of citizens speaking them as their first
language respectively.

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People outside of South Africa might 
assume that native speakers of Africans 

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are all white,
but that's not the case.

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It's the majority language in the 
Northern Cape.

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Then Western Cape provinces where most 
of the nation's colored population or 

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mixed race population lives and more 
than 75 percent of colored South 

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Africans speak Afrikaans as their first 
language.

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Why is that?

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It's because they were part of the 
language is development.

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The origin of the colored community lies
in the early days of the colony.

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When Dutch settlers intermarried with 
indigenous Koyczan women or slaves from 

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Africa,
India and Southeast Asia,

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but they also interacted linguistically 
and by learning Dutch in perfectly as a 

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second language.
They influenced the direction of the 

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Dutch dialect that would evolve into 
Afrikaans.

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It's also spoken as a native language by
smaller numbers of the South Asian and 

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black South African populations and it's
spoken by over 60 percent of the white 

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population as a native language in 
total.

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It's the first language of about 13 
point five percent of the population and

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it's spoken by an even larger number as 
a second language.

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If you haven't seen my language profile 
on Afrikaans from a couple of years ago,

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you can check it out right here.
English is spoken as a native language,

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mainly in the Western Cape,
how attain and Zulu natal as these are 

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aware of the major cities can be found.

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Plus it's widely spoken as a second 
language,

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English as the native language of nine 
point six percent of the population,

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including around 36 percent of the white
population.

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It's also the native language of most 
Indian South Africans.

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They speak with an accent distinct from 
white South Africans,

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speakers of English during the apartheid
era,

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interaction with whites was limited,
which allowed their own distinct variety

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of English to develop in isolation with 
some fun,

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illogical influences from Indian 
languages.

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I've mentioned the Koyczan languages a 
few times and you may be wondering why 

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they aren't on the list of official 
languages.

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Well,
the Koyczan where the first indigenous 

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people have much of South Africa before 
the migration of Ben to peoples and 

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later Europeans through conflict with 
Ben too,

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and Europeans Koyczan were driven into a
much smaller area and now most Koyczan 

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live in the Kalahari desert.
Some Koyczan intermarried with Europeans

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and became part of the colored 
population while others died from 

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conflict and disease.

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The end result of all this is that only 
a very small population of Koyczan 

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remain in South Africa and their Koyczan
languages are therefore not widely 

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spoken and are not official languages.
Koyczan languages do not form a single 

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language family and are not accepted as 
being related to each other,

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but all of them feature extensive use of
click consonants.

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As I stated before,
the click sounds used.

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[inaudible] languages come from contact 
with Koyczan languages.

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The most widely spoken Koyczan language 
in South Africa is [inaudible] or 

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[inaudible] with around 50,000
speakers.

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This language has an additional 250,000
speakers in neighboring Namibia.

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There are other Koyczan languages in 
South Africa that are severely 

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endangered like Greek,
well with only a few dozen speakers 

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remaining language in society.
In a society with such linguistic 

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diversity,
it's inevitable that the majority of the

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population will be bilingual or 
multilingual.

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Most white and colored South Africans 
are bilingual and English and Afrikaans 

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and a smaller number of speak,
one of the African languages as well,

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Indian South African speak English and 
usually some Afrikaans and some speak in

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Indian language as well.

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Typically,
older people,

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many black South Africans speak three,
four,

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five,
or even more languages.

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It's common for them to speak their 
native African language,

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English and Afrikaans and one or more 
other African languages.

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They're often able to speak the other 
languages,

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have the same sub group as their native 
language because they're closely related

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and in many cases mutually intelligible.
You may be wondering if the languages 

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within each subgroup or mutually 
intelligible,

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why are they considered separate 
languages?

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Well,
what does a language versus what is a 

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dialect is a murky issue as always,
but I think it's partly because they 

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each have their own standardized variety
and it's partly because each one is 

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associated with a distinct ethnic group.
These days,

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business and politics are emotionally 
conducted in English and English as the 

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most common language of broadcast and 
media for a long time.

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English and Afrikaans had equal status 
as dual lingua.

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Franca is of South Africa,
but Afrikaans has been declining in that

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regard.
That's partly due to the stigma attached

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to off recons as it's seen as the 
language of apartheid.

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In addition to that,
education in South Africa tends to lean 

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toward English.
In typical South African schools,

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the first three grades are taught in the
student's mother tongue,

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but after that school work is conducted 
in either Afrikaans or English.

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Schools can teach in the native language
longer,

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00:13:44,980 --> 00:13:45,813
but since secondary school matriculation
exams are only conducted in English and 

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Afrikaans.
There's a strong motivation to switch to

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one of those languages early on,
but rather than Afrikaans most choose 

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English due to its utility and prestige 
and in many cases families will forego 

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students being taught in their first 
language and go straight into English to

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jumpstart their proficiency,
but whether this is a help or a 

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hindrance is a source of much debate.

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The emphasis on English and Afrikaans 
after the first three or four years of 

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00:14:15,011 --> 00:14:18,430
initial schooling is a lasting influence
of the colonial era.

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00:14:18,700 --> 00:14:22,900
Today there are 11 official languages 
and in theory and in law they are equal,

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00:14:22,930 --> 00:14:25,810
but in practice,
English and Afrikaans are still the most

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00:14:25,811 --> 00:14:28,090
influential languages at the national 
level,

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00:14:28,330 --> 00:14:29,163
and this is still the case for now,
despite the fact that Africans has lost 

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00:14:31,901 --> 00:14:32,734
some of its prestige.
The question of the date for South 

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00:14:35,680 --> 00:14:37,930
Africans,
which languages do you speak and in what

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00:14:37,931 --> 00:14:40,900
situations do you use them and for other
people,

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00:14:41,050 --> 00:14:43,300
how many official languages are there in
your country?

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00:14:43,900 --> 00:14:46,090
Do you think that system works well for 
your country?

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00:14:46,450 --> 00:14:48,610
Be sure to follow lane,
focus on facebook,

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00:14:48,640 --> 00:14:49,960
twitter,
and Instagram,

265
00:14:50,020 --> 00:14:52,730
and once again,
thank you to all of my wonderful patrion

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00:14:52,731 --> 00:14:53,564
supporters,
especially these ones on the screen who 

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00:14:55,251 --> 00:14:56,084
are my top tier patrion supporters.
Many thanks to them as always and to 

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00:14:59,841 --> 00:15:00,674
everyone.
Thank you for watching and have a nice 

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00:15:02,631 --> 00:15:03,464
day.