t3qbYFvOHwk.srt

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Hello everyone.
Welcome to the Lange Focus Channel at.

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My name is Paul.
Today's topic is language death.

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Normally on this channel,
when I talk about a language,

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it's usually a living language,
a language that still spoken by native 

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speakers today and continues to grow and
evolve,

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but there are also dead languages and 
extinct languages.

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Languages are considered dead when they 
simply have no more native speakers,

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even though they may continue to be used
in some way.

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Latin is dead,
for example,

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but it continues to be used for 
religious purposes and for some 

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administrative purposes in the Vatican.
Some people can speak it but not 

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naturally like a native language and 
it's not passed down as a native 

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language.
Another example is Hebrew,

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which was a dead language before its 
revival in the form of modern Hebrew.

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Nobody spoke it natively for a long 
time,

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but it continued to be used for 
religious purposes and as a written 

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literary language.

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In contrast,
languages are considered extinct when no

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living person can speak them.
For example,

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if the last remaining speaker of a 
native American language dies and nobody

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has learned it as a second language than
that language becomes extinct.

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Likewise,
ancient languages like Sumerian are 

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extinct.
Some people might be able to read 

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ancient texts in that language,
but nobody really uses it today.

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Languages become either dead or extinct 
as a result of language,

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death types of language.
Death.

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Languages don't always die in the same 
way.

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There are various types of language 
death.

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The most common way that languages 
disappear is through gradual language 

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death.
This normally happens when speakers have

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one language come into contact with a 
language of higher prestige,

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the language of a dominant more powerful
group of people.

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That community may remain bilingual for 
quite a long time,

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but with each successive generation,
fewer young people speak their 

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traditional language and with lower 
levels of proficiency as they opt to use

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the prestige language instead until one 
day their communities.

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Traditional language is no longer 
spoken.

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An example of this as corniche,
which seems to be spoken by the late 

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19th century as a result of the growing 
influence of English and also as a 

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result of the perception of Cornish as a
lower class language,

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even amongst it's own speakers at the 
time,

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but cornish is actually not extinct 
because there are revitalization efforts

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to encourage people to continue to use 
that language next bottom to top 

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language death in bottom to top language
death.

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A language ceases to be used as a native
spoken language,

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but continues to be used in certain 
contexts.

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Normally in a formal religious context 
or ceremonial context or perhaps for 

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literary purposes.
In gradual language death,

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the language normally disappears first 
in more formal contexts as it's replaced

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by the prestige language,
but it continues to be spoken in more 

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casual contexts for a longer time in 
bottom to top language deaths.

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On the other hand,
the language dies out at the bottom,

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in other words,
in casual contexts,

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but it continues to be used in more 
formal contexts.

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An example of this is Latin,
which is basically no longer used 

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outside of religious ceremonial contexts
or perhaps literary contexts.

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Next,
southern language death.

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Southern language death occurs when all 
or almost all the speakers of a language

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suddenly die as a result of a disaster 
or violence.

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An example of this took place in the 18 
thirties in Tasmania when virtually all 

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of the islands native inhabitants were 
wiped out by European colonists during 

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the black war.
Next,

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radical language death similar to 
southern language death,

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radical language death normally happens 
very rapidly and normally happens as a 

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result of political repression or under 
threat of violence.

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The difference is that the language has 
speakers are not wiped out,

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but suddenly stop using their own 
language as a way to avoid persecution.

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And example of this occurred in El 
Salvador during an uprising in the 19 

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thirties when many aboriginals abruptly 
stopped speaking their native languages 

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as a way to avoid being identified as 
aboriginals and potentially killed two 

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languages that suddenly died out where 
Linka and case studies.

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Let's look at a few languages that have 
already died and see if we could figure 

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out how they ceased to be spoken.
Old Church slavonic old church slavonic 

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is the first the tested Slavic language,
which was spoken and written between the

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ninth and 11th centuries.
It was a standardized variety of Slavic 

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that was understood by speakers of the 
various Slavic dialects of that time,

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which were still quite similar to each 
other,

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those slavic dialects,
which were basically the colloquial form

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of the same language,
gradually developed into the different 

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Slavic languages of today because it's 
still used in some churches for 

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religious purposes today,
it's a liturgical language,

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so it fits in with the category of 
bottom to top language death.

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The newly developing Slavic languages 
replaced the old slavonic dialects as 

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the languages of daily life,
but old church slavonic continued to be 

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used for religious purposes and for a 
certain amount of time for political 

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purposes.
It's worth noting that some dead 

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languages never actually died in both 
the case of Latin and of old slavonic.

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The language never stopped being spoken.
It just continued to evolve into 

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different languages.
Leaving the cotified literary language 

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behind as a separate dead language that 
was no longer spoken,

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the men then language in 2016,
a man named Edwin Benson,

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the last remaining speaker of the men.
Then language passed away.

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Men.
Dan was a native American language of 

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the Sewan language family,
which was spoken in the state of North 

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Dakota.
The population of men,

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Dan speakers,
was nearly wiped out by an outbreak of 

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smallpox in the seventies and eighties 
and again in the 18 thirties.

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The cohesion of the remaining population
was limited by government relocation and

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the construction of dams which separated
villages from each other.

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While the influence of English group,
the fact that most of the population was

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wiped out in tragic outbreaks of 
smallpox would place this in the 

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category of southern language death.
Even though some speakers of the 

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language continued to live on among the 
remaining speakers,

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we can also say that there was an 
element of gradual language death.

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As more and more members of that 
community began to speak the prestige 

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language English until one day,
men then was no longer spoken ghoulish 

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up until the sixth century seat.
A Celtic language called galesh was 

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spoken in what's now France when the 
Romans conquered the area,

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they made Latin the official language of
the state and being able to speak Latin 

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became a way to gain status and economic
opportunity for a number of centuries.

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It was common to be bilingual and golish
vernacular and the prestige language 

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Latin until Latin finally replaced 
golish entirely.

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This is a clear case of gradual language
death as a population gradually gave up 

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their traditional language in favor of 
the prestige language.

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A joa between 19,
20 and 1940.

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The agewell language died out in Nigeria
because it's entire community of 

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speakers switched to house up for 
economic and practical reasons.

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The entire community very rapidly 
stopped using their traditional language

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and it was not passed down to the next 
generation.

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This is an example of radical language 
death when a language dies because all 

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of it speakers suddenly switched to 
another language.

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In many cases of radical language,
death,

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the community gives up their language 
for survival in the face of violence,

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but in this particular case,
they gave up the agewell language 

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because it was more beneficial for their
community to speak Hausa.

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Why should we care about language death?
Some people think that language death is

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a good thing,
that less language diversity is a good 

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thing.
For example,

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the leaders of some countries want one 
language to be dominant and to replace 

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all of the others because they think 
that will promote the unity of their 

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country.
On the other hand,

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a language is part of a culture,
so when a language dies,

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part of that culture dies and a unique 
way of seeing the world dies with it.

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For example,
let's look at the endangered color wire 

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language of Bolivia.
Columbia is used by a sect of medicine 

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men who learned the language not only to
understand the ritual practice and oral 

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tradition of their ancestors,
but also to understand the thousands 

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upon thousands of plant names specific 
to the callaway or language that 

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explained the medicine will uses of 
different plants in the local region.

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If color disappears,
then all of that culture and secret 

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knowledge will disappear with it.
Linguistic diversity has been on a 

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steady decline and of the presence 
nearly 7,000

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languages on earth,
nearly half are endangered and the top 

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100 most spoken languages are spoken by 
85 percent of the world's population.

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Some endangered languages are finding 
new life through revitalization efforts,

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which require that the language first be
recorded and documented,

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then learned by a new speakers and also 
used by an enthusiastic and motivated 

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community and having some political 
influence wouldn't hurt either.

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The question of the day in your country 
or in your region,

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are there languages that are in danger 
of dying or becoming extinct?

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How would you feel about those languages
disappearing?

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What's something important be lost?
Be sure to follow Lang,

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focus on facebook,
twitter,

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and Instagram,
and once again,

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thank you to all of my wonderful patrion
supporters,

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especially my top tier patrion 
supporters whose names are on the screen

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right now.
Very many thanks to them.

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By the way,
on the last video about Tokyo,

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some of you asked why Toki Pona was 
listed on the page of patrons and that's

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because the creator of the Tokyo 
[inaudible] language has been a patron 

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since last summer,
but preferred not to appear on the list,

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but upon request,
I've begun listing the name of the 

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language instead.
Thank you for watching and have a nice 

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day.