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Hello everyone.
Welcome to the Lange Focus Channel and 

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my name is Paul.
Today's topic is the African's language.

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A couple of weeks ago I released a video
on the Dutch language,

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which you can find right here.
This is kind of a followup to that video

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because Afrikaans is a descendant of 
Dutch.

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That means that just like Dutch 
Afrikaans is a west Germanic language.

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Afrikaans has a total of about 7.1
million native speakers with 6.8

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5 million of those in South Africa and 
that's about 13.5%

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of the South African population that 
makes it the third most widely spoken 

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language in South Africa and it's the 
majority language in the western half of

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the country.
That means Northern Cape and Western 

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Cape provinces.
It's the native language of about 61% of

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white South Africans and it's the native
language of more than three quarters of 

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quote unquote colored South Africans,
about 3.4

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million people in South Africa.
The term colored,

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it means people love mixed racial 
background.

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I didn't choose that term myself.
It's also the native language of 4.6%

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of Asian South Africans.
It's also the native language of 1.5%

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of black South Africans.
That's about 600,000

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people and there are 10 to 15000002nd 
language speakers in South Africa in 

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Namibia.
It's the native language of 10 or 11% of

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people,
including 60% of the white population.

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It's also widely used as a Lingua Franca
and most people can speak it as a second

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or third language.
So how did the story of Afrikaans Begin?

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Dutch speaking settlers arrived in 
southern Africa in the year 1652 when 

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the Dutch east India company set up a 
resupply station at Cape Town for its 

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ships travelling to the Indian 
subcontinent and to Southeast Asia.

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Their goal was to get fresh water,
food,

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and other supplies for their long sea 
journeys.

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When the local [inaudible] people,
people who speak [inaudible] Sawn 

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languages,
we're unwilling to meet the trade 

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demands of the Dutch east India company.
The company drove them out of the area,

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into the inland and replaced them with 
European settlers and with slaves from 

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other parts of Africa.

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Most of the farmers who were known as 
borrowers were former laborers of the 

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Dutch east India company,
and most of them were Dutch,

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but some of them were French or German,
too upset with the conditions placed 

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upon them by the Dutch east India 
company.

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The European settlers began expanding 
inland so they could farm outside of the

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area controlled by the company.
The Dutch east India company wanted to 

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prevent this inland expansion,
so they outlawed the expansion and did 

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European immigration and increased the 
number of slaves.

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Instead,
some of the slaves were brought from the

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Indian subcontinent and from present day
Malaysia and Indonesia,

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Britain's seized control of the Cape 
Colony in 1815 and began to import 

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British settlers.
The British eventually took steps to 

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eliminate slavery and to put heavy 
restrictions on the border of farmers.

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Large numbers of bowlers migrated 
further inland to escape British rule 

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setting up their own communities and 
encountering various native African 

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communities along the way.

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After a series of conflicts with the 
British called the bowral wars,

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South Africa became a unified British 
colony until its independence in 1961 

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but this is lang focus.
We're supposed to focus on languages.

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Why is all this history important?
Well,

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it's to help you imagine the conditions 
under which the language spoken by those

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Dutch settlers changed and eventually 
became Afrikaans.

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Exactly.
How Africans developed is a highly 

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debated subject with some people 
insisting that it's a natural direct 

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descendant of Dutch.
While other people insist that it's 

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actually a creole language that arose 
when slaves and laborers attempted to 

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learn Dutch.
If you're not sure what creole languages

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are,
you can have a look at my video on 

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pigeon and Creole languages right here.
Nobody knows exactly what processes 

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caused Afrikaans to develop,
but it's unlikely that either of those 

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two theories is 100% true.
In the early years of the Cape Colony,

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there was a continuous stream of Dutch 
speaking immigrants as well as other 

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Europeans who learn Dutch as a second 
language.

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There were also many local speakers of 
[inaudible] languages who learned Dutch 

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as a second language and there were also
African and Asian slaves who learned 

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Dutch as a second language.
Local Africans and slaves most likely 

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spoke a Dutch based pigeon language at 
some point.

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Typically a creole language arises when 
a pidgin language becomes the native 

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language of the next generation,
usually without a lot of influence from 

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speakers of the original standard 
language.

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For example,
slave owners or colonial settlers,

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but in the case of Africans,
there was always extensive contact with 

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native speakers of Dutch,
more specifically the emerging dialect 

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called Cape Dutch.
On top of that standard Dutch and not 

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Cape Dutch was the language that was 
taught in schools.

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Both of these factors would help.
Cape Dutch remain relatively similar to 

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standard Dutch,
so even if Afrikaans is a creole 

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language,
it's more like a partial creole or a 

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semi creole language to creole languages
that I'm familiar with.

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Our top pcn and be slammer which are 
spoken in Melanesia and they are 

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english-based creoles.
Both of those languages consist of 

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mainly English vocabulary,
but with the syntax,

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grammar and phonology of an oceanic 
language.

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They're essentially new languages that 
got their vocabulary from English,

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but Afrikaans is not like that.
It's grammar became simplified,

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but the syntax of the language is 
basically the same as Dutch and it's 

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phonology is also close to Dutch.
So it seems that Africans developed from

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a form of Dutch that was influenced by 
second language speakers rather than a 

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completely new creole language featuring
Dutch vocabulary.

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That's my personal assessment,
but I'm sure some people will disagree 

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and that's fine.
Africans continued to develop until it 

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was legally recognized as its own 
language in 1925 so how was Afrikaans 

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different from Dutch lone words?
The vocabulary of Africans was 

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influenced by the various languages that
it came in contact with.

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For example,
Molay,

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the word meaning almost comes from the 
Malay word hum being the word bio 

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meaning much comes from the Malay Word 
Been Yak Portuguese.

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The word combat meaning blanket comes 
from the Portuguese word.

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Who would the word cuddle?
Meaning Catalan closure comes from the 

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Portuguese word.
Cool.

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How we have a similar word,
corral and English cohesin languages.

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The words for a lot of things in the 
local African environment came from 

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Khoisan languages.
For example,

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plants and animals.
This animal is called a Kudu.

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Good Dude.
But the overwhelming majority of 

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Africans vocabulary is Dutch,
more than 90% or as high as 95% 

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spelling.
Africans underwent some spelling 

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simplifications to make the written 
language more reflective of the spoken 

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language.
I won't mention all of the changes,

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but here are some examples.
The Dutch diagraph Ij pronounced,

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I became just a y in Afrikaans.
So we have the Dutch word could ice,

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which is spelled like this in Africans,
but Dutch words ending with Lij,

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k pronounced as Lik are spelled l I K 
and Africans.

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And that's a more accurate reflection of
the real pronunciation.

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Lay Look.
Lilach Dutch t I o n became Sio iom in 

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Africans.
So we have the Dutch word not show now 

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and this became the spelling and 
Africans,

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these Dutch diphthongs,
which are actually pronounced 

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identically by many Dutch speakers,
all became spelled,

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oh you in Afrikaans.
So the Dutch words and though are 

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spelled like this in Afrikaans,
though,

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there are also some other spelling 
changes that represent new 

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pronunciations and Africans,
for example,

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Afrikaans merged the Dutch consonants,Z
and s two a single celled spelt s so the

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Dutch word became so in Afrikaans,
a similar phonetic change can also be 

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found in the northern Netherlands,
but it's not represented in writing only

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in speech.
Afrikaans also merged together.

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The Dutch sounds represented by c h and 
g to a single sound spelled g and again 

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a similar emerging also happened in the 
Netherlands,

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but not in spelling,
only in sound in Afrikaans.

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When the g sound is proceeded by an 
estimate as written as sk.

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So we have the Dutch word soul and the 
Africans word school between two vowels.

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The Dutch g and V consonants are omitted
in Africans.

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Look at these Dutch words,
oh,

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hood that Ethan,
and now the Afrikaans equivalents the 

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end.
Notice that the second vowel requires a 

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diacritic so that we know to pronounce 
these as two separate vowels and not as 

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one diphthong.
There are many more spelling changes,

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but those are a few examples to give you
a sense of how things changed.

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Verbs,
the verb system and Afrikaans is quite 

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simple compared to Dutch.
First of all,

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the simple past isn't used except for 
eight basic verbs for all other verbs.

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The perfect tense is used instead,
which is also a possible in Dutch too.

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So here's the Dutch sentence,
meaning I watched a cake and now here's 

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the African sentence pack.

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It's a cake.
So notice that we use the perfect tense 

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in Afrikaans because there is no past 
tense.

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But this African sentence is similar to 
the Dutch perfect 10th sentence.

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[inaudible].
But notice that the way the past 

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participle is formed is a little 
different.

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Also notice that the form of the verb 
for have is different.

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These are both the present tense form of
the verb,

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meaning to have the one in Dutchess 
conjugated for first person singular,

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but Africans verbs don't change 
according to person or a number.

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So the Dutch verb will change and other 
sentences.

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But in Afrikaans it will always be hate.
There was also no plu perfect tents in 

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Africans who perfect is like had watched
instead.

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The perfect form would be used.
So let's just jump into a few more 

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examples,
sentences and look at these differences 

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as well as some others.
The next sentences mean I talked to my 

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children in Dutch.

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You kept mets men getting it into grouts
and an Afrikaans.

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I could fit my goodness.
First of all,

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notice the difference in personal 
pronouns in Dutch and an Afrikaans and 

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then notice the different forms of the 
verb meaning to have the next word met 

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means width.
And next we can see that the possessive 

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pronouns are different in Dutch and an 
Afrikaans May.

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Next is the word for children,
but notice that the plural form is 

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different.
Notice that the word order is exactly 

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the same and that the second verb goes 
at the end in Afrikaans,

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which is the same as in Dutch and also 
the same as in German.

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The next sentences mean did you have a 
good new year?

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First in Dutch have gi hooten,
new hub and an Afrikaans and English.

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It's like have you a good new year?
Head again.

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We see the different forms of the verb 
meaning to have.

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Then we see the different spelling of 
the personal pronoun.

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Yeah,
Yay.

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Meaning you.
Then we have the indefinite article,

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which has been shortened in Afrikaans.
Then notice that the word for good is 

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slightly different.
Then after that,

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notice the slight difference in the 
words for a new year.

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And finally the past participle of the 
verb meaning to have is the same in both

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sentences.
Now let's look at a similar sentence,

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but with a little change.
This one means did he have a good new 

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year in Dutch?
Hey Cy,

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a hoot,
new Yamaha and an Afrikaans.

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Look at the first word and notice that 
the Dutch verb conjugation changes.

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This is the third person singular form 
of the verb.

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The verb form stays the same in 
Afrikaans and next we see that the 

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personal pronoun,
high e meaning he is spelled 

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differently.
After that,

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the rest of the words are the same as in
the sentence is up above.

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The next sentences mean we will live.
We will die in Dutch,

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Missoula,
Lavan,

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Zilla,
Stephan,

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and in Afrikaans on Saul starbuck.
Notice here that the subject Pronoun for

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week is different in Dutch,
the subject pronouns as va,

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but the object pronoun similar to us in 
English,

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his aunts in Africans owns is both the 
subject and the object Pronoun.

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Next,
notice that the future tense in Dutch is

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formed using Xulane plus the infinitive 
in Afrikaans.

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It's formed by using sal plus the verb 
and there really isn't an infinitive and

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Afrikaans,
so there's just one single verb form.

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This part here is the same as the 
present tense form,

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so we can see that there are some 
differences between Dutch and Africans,

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but generally the vocabulary is very 
similar and probably very easy to 

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recognize.
Once you're aware of those general 

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differences and the word order is 
basically the same.

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So how well can Dutch speakers and 
African speakers understand each other?

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The answer to this question depends on 
who you ask,

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but generally they seem to be mutually 
intelligible to a moderate level.

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With African speakers being able to 
understand the Dutch better than Dutch 

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speakers can understand.
Afrikaans,

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there are a couple of important factors 
and intelligibility.

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One of them is accent.
I've heard from a few Dutch people and 

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from a few Africans people that they can
understand certain speakers of the other

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language very well but other speakers 
are a partner to understand and that 

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might be because certain Dutch dialects 
have pronunciation that is more similar 

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to Africans than others and there are 
also a lot of second language speakers 

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of Afrikaans who's accent might be 
difficult for native Dutch speakers to 

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understand.
Another factor is register register 

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means the level of formality used.
Now if the speakers of both languages 

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use the standard formal variety of their
language and they don't use any local 

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variations or slang,
then they'll probably understand each 

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other much better.

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Formal speech basically resembles the 
written language and the speakers of 

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either language can basically understand
the other one when it's written.

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A common question that I see written on 
the Internet is should I learn Afrikaans

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before learning Dutch?
Would that help me to learn Dutch later 

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on?
I would say that that's probably a bad 

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idea to learn afrikaans just because you
want to learn Dutch later,

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it's probably would end up confusing you
when you learn Dutch later on because 

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Dutch is similar to Africans,
but more complex.

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I would say that the best reason to 
learn Afrikaans would be because you 

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have a deep cultural interest in South 
Africa and you want to spend some time 

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in that country or in Namibia.
So the question of the day for speakers 

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of Africans and Dutch,
how well can you guys understand each 

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other?
Leave your comments and your experiences

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down below.
And for everyone else,

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I don't have a question of the day.
So why don't you ask a question to the 

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Africans and Dutch speakers?
That sounds good.

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Be sure to follow lane,
focus on facebook,

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twitter,
and instagram.

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And I want to say thanks to all of my 
patrion supporters for continuing to 

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make Lang focus possible.
Thank you for watching and have a nice 

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day.