diff --git a/.vscode/ltex.dictionary.en-US.txt b/.vscode/ltex.dictionary.en-US.txt index d5dbba4..bb63540 100644 --- a/.vscode/ltex.dictionary.en-US.txt +++ b/.vscode/ltex.dictionary.en-US.txt @@ -95,3 +95,6 @@ ergative absolutive Ergative Absolutive +Epigraphers +Preclassic +Postclassic diff --git a/references.bib b/references.bib index 632b7d5..cbdcc0d 100644 --- a/references.bib +++ b/references.bib @@ -187,6 +187,7 @@ @article{restallchuchiak2002 journal = {Ethnohistory}, doi = {10.1215/00141801-49-3-651} } + @inbook{ritner1996, author = {Ritner, Robert Kriech}, chapter = {The Coptic Alphabet}, @@ -197,6 +198,17 @@ @inbook{ritner1996 year = {1996} } +@inbook{mendoza2001, + author = {Mendoza, Ruben G.}, + chapter = {Mesoamerican Chronology: Periodization}, + editor = {Dav\'id Carrasco}, + pages = {222-226}, + publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + title = {The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Culture}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {2} +} + @book{macrilooper2003, author = {Macri, Martha J. and Looper, Matthew G.}, title = {The New Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs: Volume 1: The Classic Period Inscriptions}, diff --git a/terminology/terminology.tex b/terminology/terminology.tex index b3dab08..840507a 100644 --- a/terminology/terminology.tex +++ b/terminology/terminology.tex @@ -451,21 +451,56 @@ \subsection{Problems and limitations} \end{figure} % LTeX: enabled=true -\section{Classic Mayan} -The Maya texts are written in a language which Mayanists call ``Classic Mayan''. -\textcquote{lawstuart2017}{ - Classic Mayan was a predicate-initial language. - A variety of word types could be used as predicates, including intransitive verbs, - transitive verbs, and, in stative constructions, nouns. -} +\section{Mesoamerican chronology} +Researchers divide the history pre-Columbian Mesoamerica into several time periods +(\cite{mendoza2001}): -\subsection{Word order} -The word order in Classic Mayan for transitive clauses usually follows the -verb-object-subject (VOS) pattern. -Example: -\begin{center} - % LTeX: enabled=false - \mayan{u k'ahl tuun k\glottalstop{}elen hix} +\begin{itemize} + \item The Paleo-Indian (first human habitation until 3500 BCE), + \item the Archaic (before 2600 BCE), + \item the Preclassic or Formative (2500 BCE --- 250 CE), + \item the Classic (250 --- 900 CE) + \item the Postclassic (900 --- 1521 CE) + \item and the Colonial Period (1521 --- 1821) +\end{itemize} +The periodization of Mesoamerica is based on archaeological and architectural observations, +as well as on studies of the material culture and art. +Originally, it was not anchored to an absolute chronology. +It was rather based on the relative associations of cultural materials that had presumed or +even known age. +The Classic period was eventually defined once the Maya calendar could be associated +with Gregorian calendar. +The earliest monuments in the Classic appear around 300 CE and the latest ones around 900 CE framing +the period span of the Classic period between 300 CE and 900 CE\@. +Maya civilization before 300 CE has been coined Preclassic whereas Maya civilization +after 900 CE until the arrival of the first Spaniards is called Postclassic. +The Colonial period ended with the Mexican independence in 1821 ((\cite{mendoza2001})). + +\section{The language of Maya Hieroglyphs} +The language of the Maya hieroglyphs is called ``Classic Mayan''. +The term ``Classic Mayan'' refers to the language used in inscriptions and writings +spanning from the early Preclassic until the time of the Spanish conquest. +After decades of close collaboration of many Epigraphers, linguists, art historians and +archeologists it became possible to develop a deeper understanding of the language in the Maya +texts and to analysis its grammar, syntax and general structure (\cite{lawstuart2017}). +Mayanists came to the conclusion that the Maya texts are written in +cohesive and consistent form suggesting that the language of these texts are based on +a common language. +This section gives just a short introduction. +For a more detailed explanation, please refer to the chapter ``Classic Mayan'' +(\Cref{chap:classic-mayan}). + +\subsection{Basic structure} +\todo{Everything} +% LTeX: enabled=false +\blockquote[{\cite[24]{kettunenhelmke2020}}]{The word order in the Maya hieroglyphic texts, +and in the modern Mayan languages alike, usually follows the verb-object-subject (VOS) pattern +(unlike English which usually employs SVO-constructions). +However, very often in the hieroglyphic texts the object is missing or omitted, and clauses +usually begin with a date, giving us a typical formula of Maya texts: date-verb-subject. +Dates can often take up the major part of the texts, verbs only one or two glyph blocks in +each sentence, and personal names with titles can be as lengthy as the titles of European monarchs. +} % LTeX: enabled=true The ``crouching jaguar'' binds the stone. \end{center}