From c1dc41b0f27a154e7fe7a8649bcdffcf8409c2fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sebastian Bauer <75776786+yax-lakam-tuun@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 19 Jan 2024 00:12:12 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] [#29] Working on phonology --- .vscode/ltex.dictionary.en-US.txt | 6 ++ references.bib | 24 ++++++- terminology/terminology.tex | 105 +++++++++++++----------------- 3 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-) diff --git a/.vscode/ltex.dictionary.en-US.txt b/.vscode/ltex.dictionary.en-US.txt index bb63540..127aead 100644 --- a/.vscode/ltex.dictionary.en-US.txt +++ b/.vscode/ltex.dictionary.en-US.txt @@ -98,3 +98,9 @@ Absolutive Epigraphers Preclassic Postclassic +Glottalized +glottalized +rearticulated +VV +Vh +aa diff --git a/references.bib b/references.bib index cbdcc0d..514d787 100644 --- a/references.bib +++ b/references.bib @@ -151,6 +151,16 @@ @book{bricker1986 year = {1986}, } +@book{instituto1988, + title = {Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala: documento de referencia para la pronunciaci{\'o}n + de los nuevos alfabetos oficiales}, + author = {Instituto Indigenista Nacional (Guatemala)}, + lccn = {92219001}, + year = {1988}, + publisher = {Instituto Indigenista Nacional} +} + + @article{daniels1990, author = {Daniels, Peter T.}, title = {Fundamentals of Grammatology}, @@ -198,10 +208,22 @@ @inbook{ritner1996 year = {1996} } +@inbook{houstonstuartrobertson1998, + author = {Houston, Stephen and Stuart, David and Robertson John S.}, + chapter = {Disharmony in Maya hieroglyphic writing: linguistic change and continuity.}, + editor = {Ciudad Ru\'{i}z, Andr\'{e}s and Marqu\'{e}nez, Y. Fern\'{a}ndez and + Campillo, J. Miguel Garc\'{i}a and Ponce de Le\'{o}n, J. Iglesias and + Lacadena Garc\'{i}a-Gallo, Alfonso and Sanz Castro, L. T.}, + pages = {275-296}, + publisher = {Madrid: Sociedad Espa\~{n}ola de Estudios Mayas}, + title = {In Anatom\'{i}a de una civilizaci\'{o}n: Aproximaciones interdisciplinarias a la cultura maya}, + year = {1998} +} + @inbook{mendoza2001, author = {Mendoza, Ruben G.}, chapter = {Mesoamerican Chronology: Periodization}, - editor = {Dav\'id Carrasco}, + editor = {Dav\'{i}d Carrasco}, pages = {222-226}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Culture}, diff --git a/terminology/terminology.tex b/terminology/terminology.tex index 840507a..e322f1f 100644 --- a/terminology/terminology.tex +++ b/terminology/terminology.tex @@ -502,77 +502,60 @@ \subsection{Basic structure} each sentence, and personal names with titles can be as lengthy as the titles of European monarchs. } % LTeX: enabled=true - The ``crouching jaguar'' binds the stone. -\end{center} -\subsection{Pronouns} -There are two sorts of pronouns namely ergative pronouns and absolutive pronouns. -Ergative pronouns are morphemes prefixed to a word whereas and absolutive pronouns are morphemes -suffixed to the word. -Table \Cref{table:terminology-classic-mayan-pronouns} gives all pronouns in all possible -configurations. -In Classic Mayan the events are usually described in third person without any distinction -between masculine and feminine. -Please note, that for ergative pronominal affixes the pronoun depends on whether the word -starts with a consonant or a vowel. -For instance, the third-person pronoun is in Classic Maya \mayan{u} for words with consonants -(e.g.\mayan{u tzapaw}), for words with vowels, the pronoun is \mayan{y} (e.g.\mayan{y-ok}). +\subsection{Phonology} +In Classic Maya, there are five different vowels and twenty distinct consonants. +The vowels are: \mayan{a}, \mayan{e}, \mayan{i}, \mayan{o} and \mayan{u}. +The consonants consist of values with and without glottal stop ('): +% LTeX: enabled=false +\mayan{b}, \mayan{ch}, \mayan{ch'}, \mayan{h}, \mayan{j}, +\mayan{k}, \mayan{k'}, \mayan{l}, \mayan{m}, \mayan{n}, +\mayan{p}, \mayan{p'}, \mayan{s}, \mayan{t}, \mayan{t'}, +\mayan{tz}, \mayan{tz'}, \mayan{w}, \mayan{x}, and \mayan{y}. +% LTeX: enabled=true +\Cref{table:terminology-phonemes-vowels} and \cref{table:terminology-phonemes-consonants} +describe the phonetic values as-well as the orthography used throughout this work. +The writing conventions are based on the orthography proposed by +Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala (\cite{instituto1988}). % LTeX: enabled=false \begin{table}[!h] \centering - \begin{tabular}{ccc|c} + \begin{tabular}{cc|cc|cc} + Notation & IPA & Notation & IPA & Notation & IPA \\ \hline - & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Ergative pronominal affixes} & Absolutive pronominal affixes \\ - \hline - Before & Consonant & Vowel & --- \\ - \hline - 1S & \mayan{in-} & \mayan{ni-} & \mayan{-en/-een} \\ - 2S & \mayan{a-} & \mayan{aw-} & \mayan{-at/-et} \\ - 3S & \mayan{u-} & \mayan{y-} & \mayan{-\zeromorpheme} \\ - \hline - 1P & \mayan{ka-} & \mayan{ka-} & \mayan{-on/-o’n} \\ - 2P & \mayan{i} & \mayan{iw-} & \mayan{-?/-*ox} \\ - 3P & \mayan{u} & \mayan{y-} & \mayan{-ob/-o’b} \\ + a & \textipa{[a]} & aa & \textipa{[a:]} & \"a & \textipa{[5]}\\ + e & \textipa{[e]} & ee & \textipa{[e:]} & \"e & \textipa{[E]}\\ + i & \textipa{[i]} & ii & \textipa{[i:]} & \"{\i} & \textipa{[I]}\\ + o & \textipa{[o]} & oo & \textipa{[o:]} & \"o & \textipa{[\textlowering{7]}}\\ + u & \textipa{[u]} & uu & \textipa{[u:]} & \"u & \textipa{[U]} + \end{tabular} + \caption{Orthography and phonemes for vowels} + \label{table:terminology-phonemes-vowels} +\end{table} +% LTeX: enabled=true +% LTeX: enabled=false +\begin{table}[!h] + \centering + \begin{tabular}{cc|cc|cc|cc|cc} + Symbol & IPA & Symbol & IPA & Symbol & IPA & Symbol & IPA & Symbol & IPA \\ \hline + b & \textipa{[b]} & ch & \textipa{[\t{\textteshlig}]} & ch' & \textipa{[\t{\textteshlig}']} & h & \textipa{[h]} & j & \textipa{[X]}\\ + k & \textipa{[k]} & k' & \textipa{[k']} & l & \textipa{[l]} & m & \textipa{[m]} & n & \textipa{[n]}\\ + p & \textipa{[p]} & p' & \textipa{[p']} & s & \textipa{[s]} & t & \textipa{[t]} & t' & \textipa{[t']}\\ + tz & \textipa{[\t{ts}]} & tz' & \textipa{[\t{ts}']} & w & \textipa{[w]} & x & \textipa{[S]} & y & \textipa{[j]}\\ + \multicolumn{10}{l}{Glottal stop: ' \textipa{[P]}} \end{tabular} - \caption{Classic Mayan ergative and absolutive pronominal affixes - (after~\cites[28]{kettunenhelmke2020}[16]{lawstuart2017}) S=Singular, P=Plural} - \label{table:terminology-classic-mayan-pronouns} + \caption{Orthography and phonemes for consonants} + \label{table:terminology-phonemes-consonants} \end{table} % LTeX: enabled=true -\subsection{Verbs} - -\subsubsection{Transitive verbs} -\subsubsection{Positional verbs} -\subsubsection{Intransitive verbs} - -\subsubsection{Active} -\subsubsection{Passive} -\subsubsection{Mediopassive} -\subsubsection{Antipassive} - - -\subsection{Nouns} -\subsubsection{Underived nouns and derivations} -\subsubsection{Nouns derived from transitive verbs} -\subsubsection{Nouns derived from intransitive verbs} -\subsubsection{Abstractivized nouns} -\subsection{Adjectives} - -\subsection{Prepositions} -ta, tu, TAN - -\subsection{Classifiers} - -TE' -ta - -\subsection{Negation} - -\subsection{Complex vowels} -In Maya literature, a \emph{complex voxel} is a vowel \emph{V} in one of the following -configurations: +Vowels are usually abbreviated with \emph{V}, whereas consonants are abbreviated with \emph{C}. +Long vowels are usually written with a double vowel VV (e.g. \mayan{aa}). +Aspirated vowels have an affixed \mayan{h} which forms Vh. +Glottalized vowels are written as V' and rearticulated glottalized vowels as V'V. +In Maya literature, configurations like VV, Vh, V', V'V are usually called \emph{complex voxels} +(\cite[276]{houstonstuartrobertson1998}): % LTeX: enabled=false \begin{itemize} \item VV\@: long vowels