diff --git a/maya/linguistics.sty b/maya/linguistics.sty index 68bd486..962d314 100755 --- a/maya/linguistics.sty +++ b/maya/linguistics.sty @@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ \ProvidesPackage{maya/linguistics}[Package for all kinds of linguistics] \RequirePackage{xspace} -\newcommand{\syllable}[1]{\textbf{\expandafter\MakeLowercase\expandafter{#1}}} +\newcommand{\transliteration}[1]{\textbf{#1}} +\newcommand{\syllabogram}[1]{\textbf{\expandafter\MakeLowercase\expandafter{#1}}} \newcommand{\logogram}[1]{\textbf{\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{#1}}} \newcommand{\grapheme}[1]{$\langle\textrm{\expandafter{#1}}\rangle$} \newcommand{\glottalstop}{’} diff --git a/references.bib b/references.bib index 4985398..7fd8174 100644 --- a/references.bib +++ b/references.bib @@ -214,6 +214,14 @@ @article{houstoncoe2003 year = {2003} } +@book{macrivail2009, + author = {Macri, Martha J. and Vail, Gabrielle}, + title = {The New Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs: Volume 2: The Codical Texts}, + publisher = {University of Oklahoma Press}, + year = {2009}, +} + + @book{crystal2010, author = {Crystal, David}, title = {The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language}, diff --git a/terminology/terminology.tex b/terminology/terminology.tex index 6286f43..ee09a52 100644 --- a/terminology/terminology.tex +++ b/terminology/terminology.tex @@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ \begin{document} \chapter{Terminology} TODO intro? + \section{Grapheme} \textcquote[204]{crystal2010}{Graphemes are the smallest units in a writing system capable of causing a contrast in meaning.} @@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ \section{Graph and allograph} underlying identity of the grapheme\elide When graphs are analyzed as variants of a grapheme, they are known as \emph{allographs}.} The Maya script uses a lot of allographs. -For example, the syllable \syllable{u} can be written in many ways all having the same meaning +For example, the syllable \syllabogram{u} can be written in many ways all having the same meaning (\Cref{fig:terminology-grapheme-u-allographs}). \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,keepaspectratio]{img/grapheme-u-allographs} @@ -37,11 +38,11 @@ \section{Hieroglyph and glyph} \emph{Glyphs} can represent a syllable, a single word or even a whole phrase (\cite[23]{macrilooper2003}). -For example, the glyph (\Cref{fig:terminology-glyphs-utzapaw}) consists of the +For example, the glyph (\Cref{fig:terminology-glyph-utzapaw}) consists of the graphemes \grapheme{u}, \grapheme{tz\glottalstop{}a} and \grapheme{wa} representing the phrase \mayan{u tz\glottalstop{}apaw}, ``she/he erects it''. % LTeX: enabled=false -The glyph (\Cref{fig:terminology-glyphs-ixwinikhaabajaw}) consisting of the +The glyph (\Cref{fig:terminology-glyph-ixwinikhaabajaw}) consisting of the graphemes \grapheme{ix}, \grapheme{winikhaab} and \grapheme{ajaw} and represents the noble title \mayan{ix winikhaab ajaw}, ``Ruler Lady Winikhaab''. \begin{figure} @@ -49,16 +50,16 @@ \section{Hieroglyph and glyph} \subfloat[][]{ \centering \includegraphics[height=\glyphblockheight]{img/glyphs-utzapaw} - \label{fig:terminology-glyphs-utzapaw} + \label{fig:terminology-glyph-utzapaw} } \subfloat[][]{ \centering \includegraphics[height=\glyphblockheight]{img/glyphs-ixwinikhaabajaw} - \label{fig:terminology-glyphs-ixwinikhaabajaw} + \label{fig:terminology-glyph-ixwinikhaabajaw} } \caption[Sample glyphs]{Sample glyphs: graphemes are distinguished by different colors.\\ - \subref{fig:terminology-glyphs-utzapaw} \mayan{u tz\glottalstop{}apaw}; - \subref{fig:terminology-glyphs-ixwinikhaabajaw} \mayan{ix winikhaab ajaw} + \subref{fig:terminology-glyph-utzapaw} \mayan{u tz\glottalstop{}apaw}; + \subref{fig:terminology-glyph-ixwinikhaabajaw} \mayan{ix winikhaab ajaw} (\authordrawings).} \end{figure} % LTeX: enabled=true @@ -73,6 +74,10 @@ \section{Glyph block and collocation} the arrangement of texts into rows and columns}. \todo{Image/drawing which shows rows and columns of glyphs} +\section{Logogram and syllabogram} +A logogram is a sign which represents a word whereas a syllabogram is a sign which +represents a syllable. + \section{Theory in decipherment} \textcquote[2]{zender2017}{The type of writing system must be known}. As Johannes Friedrich already stated: @@ -81,7 +86,6 @@ \section{Theory in decipherment} In those cases where one has absolutely no possibility available to link the unknown to something known, \elide no real or lasting result can be accomplished} - \subsection{Script typology} For successful decipherment process, it is crucial to know the fundamental structure of the signs. The type of the script can either be alphabetic, syllabic, logographic or a combination of them. @@ -393,10 +397,10 @@ \subsection{Problems and limitations} Those complex graphemes might not be recognized and therefore only its components are registered as graphemes. One of those complex graphemes, is the grapheme \grapheme{pas} ``dawn'' -(\Cref{fig:terminology-glyphs-pas}) which is built from -grapheme \grapheme{chan} ``sky'' (\Cref{fig:terminology-glyphs-chan}), -grapheme \grapheme{k\glottalstop} ``k\glottalstop{}in'' (\Cref{fig:terminology-glyphs-kin}) and -grapheme \grapheme{kab} ``earth'' (\Cref{fig:terminology-glyphs-kab}). +(\Cref{fig:terminology-glyph-pas}) which is built from +grapheme \grapheme{chan} ``sky'' (\Cref{fig:terminology-glyph-chan}), +grapheme \grapheme{k\glottalstop} ``k\glottalstop{}in'' (\Cref{fig:terminology-glyph-kin}) and +grapheme \grapheme{kab} ``earth'' (\Cref{fig:terminology-glyph-kab}). It can be found, for example, on Tikal Temple IV, Lintel 2 A7. All three components are graphemes themselves, but in combination they form the complex grapheme \grapheme{pas} with its own phonetic value and meaning. @@ -409,33 +413,80 @@ \subsection{Problems and limitations} \subfloat[][]{ \centering \includegraphics[height=\glyphblockheight]{img/grapheme-PAS} - \label{fig:terminology-glyphs-pas} + \label{fig:terminology-glyph-pas} } \subfloat[][]{ \centering \includegraphics[height=\glyphblockheight]{img/grapheme-CHAN} - \label{fig:terminology-glyphs-chan} + \label{fig:terminology-glyph-chan} } \subfloat[][]{ \centering \includegraphics[height=\glyphblockheight]{img/grapheme-KIN} - \label{fig:terminology-glyphs-kin} + \label{fig:terminology-glyph-kin} } \subfloat[]{ \centering \includegraphics[height=\glyphblockheight]{img/grapheme-KAB} - \label{fig:terminology-glyphs-kab} + \label{fig:terminology-glyph-kab} } \caption[Grapheme \grapheme{pas}]{Grapheme \grapheme{pas}. Even though it consists of three other graphemes, it represents a self-contained grapheme with separate phonetic and meaning (\cite[139]{prager2018}). - \subref{fig:terminology-glyphs-pas} \grapheme{pas} ``dawn''; - \subref{fig:terminology-glyphs-chan} \grapheme{chan} ``sky''; - \subref{fig:terminology-glyphs-kin} \grapheme{k\glottalstop{}in} ``sun''; - \subref{fig:terminology-glyphs-kab} \grapheme{kab} ``earth'' (\authordrawings).} + \subref{fig:terminology-glyph-pas} \grapheme{pas} ``dawn''; + \subref{fig:terminology-glyph-chan} \grapheme{chan} ``sky''; + \subref{fig:terminology-glyph-kin} \grapheme{k\glottalstop{}in} ``sun''; + \subref{fig:terminology-glyph-kab} \grapheme{kab} ``earth'' (\authordrawings).} \end{figure} % LTeX: enabled=true -\section{Notation of logograms and syllables} -\cite{jamesjusteson1984} +\section{Transcription of Maya signs} +This work uses the long-standing convention for transcribing Maya signs (\cite{jamesjusteson1984}). + +\begin{itemize} + \item Transcriptions of logograms are written in uppercase, bold letters. + For example, \thompson{561} (\cref{fig:terminology-glyph-chan}) would be written as \logogram{CHAN}. + \item Graphemes which represent syllables aka syllabograms are represented in + lowercase, bold letters. + For example, \thompson{589} (\cref{fig:terminology-t589-t607}) would be written as \syllabogram{ho}. + \item Roman parenthesis enclose parts of a sign's transliteration which are not pronounced. + For example, the name \emph{Pakal} when written with syllabograms only would be transliterated + % LTeX: enabled=false + \syllabogram{pa}-\syllabogram{ka}-\syllabogram{l(a)}. + % LTeX: enabled=true + \item Question marks are placed after a transliterated syllabogram or a + logogram when the reading is questionable or uncertain. + \item Signs which do not appear in the text, but are reconstructed + (e.g.\ contextually or by comparison of parallel texts), are preceded by an asterisk. + \item Fused signs are written in their-order of reading. + \item Signs with infixed graphemes are written in their-order of reading and the infix is placed + in square brackets. + \item Signs of unknown value are either represented by + \begin{itemize} + \item Thomson code or + \item Codes of the revised version of Macri and Looper (\cite{macrilooper2003}) and + Macri and Vail (\cite{macrivail2009}) + \item Catalog codes from ``Text Database and Dictionary of Classic Mayan'' (TWKM). + \end{itemize} +\end{itemize} + +Examples: +% LTeX: enabled=false +\begin{itemize} + \item Logograms and syllabograms: + \transliteration{\logogram{CHAK}-\logogram{BALAM}-\syllabogram{ma}} (puma) + \item Syllabograms only: + \transliteration{\syllabogram{pa}-\syllabogram{ka}-\syllabogram{l(a)}} (Maya ruler ``Pakal'') + \item Unknown sign with Thompson number: + \transliteration{\syllabogram{u}-\thompson{283}-\syllabogram{ba}} + \item Uncertain reading of signs: + \item Reconstructed not existing: + \transliteration{\syllabogram{ta}-\logogram{IX}?-*\logogram{AJAW}} +\end{itemize} +% LTeX: enabled=true + +\subsection{Complex vowels} + +\subsection{Narrow versus broad transcription} + \end{document}