Add more types to improve code readability

[syou6162]

The following types have been added to improve code readability

• Add type for catalog with CatalogArtifact
  • The current type definition is Optional[dict], but it is difficult to know what kind of key it has, so we changed it to clearly show CatalogArtifact.
• Replace Tuple[str, str, str] with CatalogKey.
  • It is hard to remember what is the first in a code like parts[-1], so changed it to be easier to understand with CatalogKey.

[z3z1ma]

LGTM much better